The Internationalised Education of China and the Globalised Education of South Korea
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This chapter explores the transnational educational circumstances of Korean migrants in China and the Chinese and Korean states’ surrounding discourses and practices. The Chinese education system has become increasingly internationalised in recent years. This can be observed in the growing number of international schools and the internationalisation of Chinese schools/universities which, paradoxically, incorporate and segregate foreign students. Meanwhile, the prevalence of overseas Korean education providers in China reflects the Korean state’s ambition to engage more with overseas Korean nationals as well as the demand and desires of Korean migrants, who form an integral part of the ‘education exodus’ from Korea to the rest of the world. Data in this chapter were collected from government documents, news reports, interviews and participant observation. Keywords: Internationalisation, Chinese education, globalisation, Korean education International Schools in China: Beijing as a Hub The development of international schools, as we know them today, began in the mid-1920s. These institutions primarily catered to Western expatriate families who wished their children to be educated in a system compatible, academically and linguistically, with the ones in their home country (Hayden and Thompson 2008). The first two international schools – located in Switzerland and Japan – were both established in 1924, and provided their curricula in English and French (Hayden and Thompson 2008). In China, international schools were not officially permitted to operate until the ‘opening-up period’ in the late 1970s. Prior to this, most Western expatriates in China sent their offspring to boarding school in their home country, although younger children often attended local nurseries and schools (Hooper 2016, 34 and 85–86). The first international school in China – the International School of Beijing (ISB) – was founded by the United States Liaison Office in Beijing during the early 1970s, prior to the normalisation of Sino-American relations (ISB n.d.). The school – officially founded in 1980 – was led by the US Embassy and merged academic initiatives and classes run by the British, Australian, Canadian and New Zealand embassies (ISB n.d.). The school provided a pre-university education for the children of Beijing-based diplomats and embassy staff; the number of which had soared after China established diplomatic relations with several Western countries in the late 1970s. Officially registered as a ‘school for diplomatic children,’ it was eventually granted permission to accept all foreign students by the Beijing Municipal Education Bureau in 2002 (ISB n.d.).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.006 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.005 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".