The Future of Forceps Delivery in Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The history of the emergence of forceps as an effective delivery intervention was cloaked in secrecy for over 100 years by the Chamberlen family, until 5 pairs of the instruments were discovered under the floorboards of Woodham Mortimer Hall in England in 1813. For several prior generations of their family’s practice, these secretive instruments were used in an attempt to save one or both lives. Fast forward through the invention of chloroform analgesia by Sir James Young Simpson in Edinburgh in the 1870s, via the refinement of forceps to include rotational delivery by the Norwegian Christian Kielland in 1915, the establishment of modern sterility techniques in the 1950s, and the advent of safe epidural analgesia in the 1970s, one might expect the use of these instruments to be well-defined in 2024.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.007 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.012 | 0.006 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.013 | 0.012 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.020 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".