“Long-term analysis of the diurnal variability of CRs observed on low cut-off rigidity neutron monitors”
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The diurnal variability of cosmic rays (CR) carries the signature of the modulation of galactic CR in the heliosphere, and in turn, it reflects the conditions prevailing in the heliosphere, which makes the study of daily variation of cosmic ray intensity important for the study of space weather and related features. In this study, the diurnal amplitude and phase of four neutron monitors with low cut-off rigidity have been studied by analyzing approximately five and a half solar cycles. This study covers the solar cycle (SC)-20 to SC-24/25, with a focus on the transition period between SC-24 and SC-25 in the context of diurnal isotropy with solar activity and polarity changes in the magnetic field of the Sun. Significant variations in the diurnal amplitude and phase of cosmic rays (CRs) are observed at low cut-off rigidity neutron monitors during both phases of solar activity in every solar cycle. The analysis also revealed significant relationships between diurnal variability and solar features. In all four neutron monitor datasets, there was a sharp and unmatched decline in amplitude and phase from 2018 to 2022 at the beginning of the 25th solar cycle. The next solar cycle is anticipated to be cooler than its predecessor and to exhibit a lower diurnal amplitude.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".