Gestational cholestyramine treatment protects adult offspring of <scp>ApoE</scp>‐deficient mice against maternal‐hypercholesterolemia‐induced atherosclerosis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Aim Perinatal hypercholesterolemia exacerbates the development of atherosclerotic plaques in adult offspring. Here, we aimed to study the effect of maternal treatment with cholestyramine, a lipid‐lowering drug, on atherosclerosis development in adult offspring of hypercholesterolemic ApoE‐deficient (ApoE−/−) mice. Methods ApoE−/− mice were treated with 3% cholestyramine (CTY) during gestation (G). After weaning, offspring (CTY‐G) were fed control diet until sacrificed at 25weeks of age. Atherosclerosis development in the aortic root of offspring was assessed after oil‐red‐o staining, along with some of predefined atherosclerosis regulators such as LDL and HDL by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and bile acids (BA) and trimethylamine N‐oxide (TMAO) by liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). Results In pregnant dams, cholestyramine treatment resulted in significantly lower plasma total‐ and LDL‐cholesterol as well as gallbladder total BA levels. In offspring, both males and females born to treated dams displayed reduced atherosclerotic plaques areas along with less lipid deposition in the aortic root. No significant change in plasma total cholesterol or triglycerides was measured in offspring, but CTY‐G males had increased HDL‐cholesterol and decreased apolipoproteins B100 to A‐I ratio. This latter group also showed reduced gallbladder total and specifically tauro‐conjugated bile acid pools, whereas for CTY‐G females, hydrophilic plasma tauro‐conjugated BA pool was significantly higher. They also benefited from lower plasma TMAO. Conclusion Prenatal cholestyramine treatment reduces atherosclerosis development in adult offspring of ApoE−/− mice along with modulating the plaques' composition as well as some related biomarkers such as HDL‐C, bile acids and TMAO.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".