Tracking the fate of bacteria-derived site-specific immunomodulators by positron emission tomography
Bibliographic record
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Site-specific immunomodulators (SSIs) are a novel class of therapeutics made from inactivated bacterial species designed to regulate the innate immune system in targeted organs. QBECO is a gut-targeted SSI that is being advanced clinically to treat and/or prevent inflammatory bowel disease, cancer, and serious infections of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and proximal organs, and QBKPN is a lung-targeted SSI that is in clinical development for the treatment and/or prevention of chronic inflammatory lung disease, lung cancers and respiratory tract infections. While these SSIs have demonstrated both safety and proof-of-concept in preclinical and clinical studies, detailed understanding of their trafficking and biodistribution is yet to be fully characterized. METHODS: Zr] and injected subcutaneously into healthy mice. The mice underwent Positron Emission Tomography (PET) imaging every day for eight days to track biodistribution of the SSIs. Tissue from the site of injection was collected and immunohistologically probed for immune cell infiltration. RESULTS: Differential biodistribution of the two SSIs was seen, adhering to their site-specific targeting. QBKPN appeared to migrate from the site of injection (abdomen) to the cervical lymph nodes which are nearer to the respiratory tract and lungs. QBECO remained in the abdominal region, with lymphatic trafficking to the inguinal lymph nodes, which are nearer to GI-proximal tissues/organs. Immune infiltration at the site of injection comprised of neutrophils for both SSIs, and macrophages for only QBKPN. CONCLUSION: Radiolabeling of SSIs allows for longitudinal in vivo imaging of biodistribution and trafficking. PET imaging revealed differential biodistribution of the SSIs based on the organotropism of the bacteria from which the SSI is derived. Trafficking from the site of injection to the targeted site is in part mediated via the lymphatics and involves macrophages and neutrophils.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".