Adaptation of Fildes Peninsula Lakes (King George Island, East Antarctica) to climate change and anthropogenic impacts
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The load on the Antarctic oases has been recently increasing, with intensive research carried out by various countries and ecological tourism developing. This leads to an increase in the impact on the aquatic ecosystems of the lakes and streams in addition to the warming climate and glacier melting. This paper presents findings from a study of the Fildes Peninsula (King George Island) lakes’ aquatic ecosystems in the summer period of January–February 2020. In addition to results of hydrological and hydrochemical studies, the paper provides data from measurements of the self-cleaning ability of representative oasis lakes, as well as greenhouse gas fluxes from the lakes surface. The water level of the streams decreased 5 times over the summer season, and the water discharge — 10 times. The streams flowing from the glacier have the fullest water. The lakes have a neutral reaction, sometimes weakly alkaline; they are well aerated: the average value of dissolved oxygen in water is 85 %, occasionally supersaturation of up to 137% was observed. The concentration of nutrients in the water has amplitudes that are considerable for Antarctic oases lakes. A significant correlation can only be observed between nitrates and phosphates, and also between the water turbidity and the nutrients’ concentration. Maximum turbidity is observed in lakes with abundant content of bacterial mats. Most of the lakes have hydrochemical type II sodium chloride waters. The assessment of the lake self-cleaning ability using the ratio of destruction and organic matter production showed the general ability of ecosystems to cope with external (natural) pressures on ecosystems, but not in all cases. Eutrophication of the lakes and stream valleys is also noted. Carbon dioxide (CO2) absorption was observed in most of the streams and lakes, in some of them — methane (CH4) absorption as well. However, CH4 is generally emitted from the surface of the lakes. The largest values are recorded for small lakes located on glacial moraines and in places where ornithosoils are present. The agreement of the findings from the hydroecological studies of the Fildes peninsula lakes with those presented earlier by other authors makes it possible to conclude that there is a certain resistance of the lakes to climatic changes, but one can already talk about a significant anthropogenic impact on the freshwater oasis ecosystems.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".