Multiple photoacoustic sources localization using deep learning
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Photoacoustic imaging (PAI) has emerged as a promising technique for various image guidance procedures. While convolutional neural networks (CNNs) trained on simulated radiofrequency (RF) data have been employed for point source reconstruction, their performance on real data remains a challenge. This paper addresses this limitation by introducing a novel deep learning-based method that utilizes a limited amount of experimental laser-diode-based data for the reconstruction of multiple point sources. The proposed approach employs a dual generative adversarial network (Dual-GAN) trained on experimental RF data from a combination of point source images. The Dual-GAN exhibits superior performance compared to the conventional delay-and-sum (DAS) method, demonstrating enhanced image contrast and a reduced full width at half maximum (FWHM). Notably, the axial and lateral localization errors of the Dual-GAN predictions surpass previous studies, measuring 0.028±0.018mm and 0.087±0.096mm, respectively. Additionally, the model demonstrates generalization capability by successfully reconstructing multiple point sources imaged using a different Nd:YAG laser system. This innovative method marks a significant advancement, offering improved accuracy and versatility in PAI applications involving multiple point sources.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".