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Record W4393397025 · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-54655-z

AI is a viable alternative to high throughput screening: a 318-target study

2024· article· en· W4393397025 on OpenAlexaff
Izhar Wallach, Denzil Bernard, Kong T. Nguyen, Gregory Ho, Adrian R. Morrison, Adrian Stecuła, Andreana M. Rosnik, Ann O’Sullivan, Aram Davtyan, Ben Samudio, Bill Thomas, Brad Worley, Brittany Butler, Christian Laggner, Desiree A. Thayer, Ehsan Moharreri, Greg Friedland, Ha H. Truong, Henry van den Bedem, Ho Leung Ng, Kate A. Stafford, Krishna K. Sarangapani, Kyle E. Giesler, Lien Ngo, Michael M. Mysinger, Mostafa Ahmed, Nicholas J. Anthis, Niel M. Henriksen, Paweł Gniewek, S.R. Eckert, Saulo de Oliveira, Shabbir Suterwala, Srimukh Veccham Krishna PrasadPrasad, Stefani Shek, Stephanie Contreras, Stephanie R. Hare, Teresa A. Palazzo, Terrence E. O’Brien, Tessa Van Grack, Tiffany R. Williams, Ting‐Rong Chern, Victor Kenyon, Andreia H. Lee, Andrew B. Cann, Bastiaan Bergman, Brandon Anderson, Bryan D. Cox, Jeffrey M. Warrington, Jon M. Sorenson, Joshua M. Goldenberg, Matthew A. Young, Nicholas DeHaan, Ryan P. Pemberton, Stefan Schroedl, Tigran M. Abramyan, T. Raghavendra Gupta, Venkatesh Mysore, Adam Presser, Adolfo A. Ferrando, Adriano D. Andricopulo, Agnidipta Ghosh, Aicha Gharbi Ayachi, Aisha Mushtaq, Ala M. Shaqra, Alan Kie Leong Toh, Alan V. Smrcka, Alberto Ciccia, Aldo Sena de Oliveira, Aleksandr Sverzhinsky, Alessandra Mara de Sousa, Alexander I. Agoulnik, Alexander Kushnir, Alexander N. Freiberg, Alexander V. Statsyuk, Alexandre R. Gingras, Alexei Degterev, Alexey Tomilov, Alice Vrielink, Alisa A. Garaeva, Amanda Bryant-Friedrich, Amedeo Caflisch, Amit K. Patel, Amith Vikram Rangarajan, An Matheeussen, Andrea Battistoni, Andrea Caporali, Andrea Chini, Andrea Ilari, Andrea Mattevi, Andrea Foote, Andrea Trabocchi, Andreas Stahl, Andrew B. Herr, Andrew D. Berti, Andrew Freywald, Andrew G. Reidenbach, Andrew Lam, Andrew Cuddihy, Andrew D. White, Angelo Taglialatela, Anil K. Ojha, Ann M. Cathcart, Anna A. L. Motyl, Anna Borowska, Anna D’Antuono, Anna K. H. Hirsch, Anna Maria Porcelli, Anna Minakova, Anna Montanaro, Anna Müller, Annarita Fiorillo, Anniina Virtanen, Anthony J. O’Donoghue, Antonio Del Rio Flores, Antonio E. Garmendia, Antonio Pineda‐Lucena, Antonito T. Panganiban, Ariela Samantha, Arnab K. Chatterjee, Arthur L. Haas, Ashleigh S. Paparella, Ashley L. St. John, Ashutosh Prince, Assmaa ElSheikh, Athena Apfel, Audrey Colomba, Austin T. O’Dea, Bakary N’tji Diallo, Beatriz Murta Rezende Moraes Ribeiro, Ben A. Bailey-Elkin, Benjamin Edelman, Benjamin Liou, Benjamin Perry, Benjamin Soon Kai Chua, Benjámin Kováts, Bernhard Englinger, Bijina Balakrishnan, Bin Gong, Bogos Agianian, Brandon Pressly, Brenda P. Medellin Salas, Brendan M. Duggan, Brian V. Geisbrecht, Brian Dymock, Brianna C. Morten, Bruce D. Hammock, Bruno Eduardo Fernandes Mota, B.C. Dickinson, Cameron Fraser, Camille Lempicki, Carl D. Novina, Carles Torner, Carlo Ballatore, Carlotta Bon, Carly J. Chapman, Carrie L. Partch, Catherine T. Chaton, Chang Shan Huang, Chao‐Yie Yang, Charlene M. Kahler, Charles Karan, Charles Keller, Chelsea L. Dieck, Chen Huimei, Chen Liu, Cheryl Peltier, Chinmay Kumar Mantri, Chinyere Maat Kemet, Christa E. Müller, Christian Weber, Christina M. Zeina, Christine S. Muli, Christophe Morisseau, Cigdem Alkan, Clara Reglero, Cody A. Loy, Cornelia M. Wilson, Courtney Myhr, Cristina Arrigoni, Cristina Paulino, César Santiago, Dahai Luo, Damon J. Tumes, Daniel A. Keedy, Daniel A. Lawrence, Daniel Chen, Danny Manor, Darci J. Trader, David A. Hildeman, David H. Drewry, David J. Dowling, David J. Hosfield, David M. Smith, David Moreira, David P. Siderovski, David Shum, David T. Krist, David W. H. Riches, Davide M. Ferraris, Deborah H. Anderson, Deirdre R. Coombe, Derek S. Welsbie, Di Hu, Diana Ortiz, Dina Alramadhani, Dingqiang Zhang, Dipayan Chaudhuri, Dirk J. Slotboom, Donald R. Ronning, Donghan Lee, Dorian Dirksen, Douglas A. Shoue, Douglas W. Zochodne, Dustin Duncan, Dylan M. Glubb, Edoardo Luigi Maria Gelardi, Edward C. Hsiao, Edward G. Lynn, Elany Barbosa da Silva, Elena Aguilera, Elena Lenci, Elena Theres Abraham, Eleonora Lama, Eleonora Mameli, Elisa Leung, Ellie Giles, Emily M. Christensen, Emily R. Mason, Enrico Petretto, Ephraim F. Trakhtenberg, Eric J. Rubin, Erick Strauss, Erik W. Thompson, Erika Cione, Erika M. Lisabeth, Erkang Fan, Erna Geessien Kroon, Eunji Jo, Eva M. García‐Cuesta, Evgenia Glukhov, Evripidis Gavathiotis, Yu Fang, Xiang Fei, Fenfei Leng, Feng Wang, Filippo Ingoglia, Focco van den Akker, Francesco Borriello, Franco J. Vizeacoumar, Frank Luh, Frederick S. Buckner, Frederick S. Vizeacoumar, Fredj Ben Bdira, Fredrik Svensson, G. Marcela Rodríguez, Gabriella Bognár, Gaia Lembo, Gang Zhang, Garrett Dempsey, Gary Eitzen, Gaétan Mayer, Geoffrey L. Greene, George A. Garcia, Gergely L. Lukács, Gergely Prikler, Gian Carlo G. Parico, Gianni Colotti, Gilles De Keulenaer, Gino Cortopassi, Giovanni Roti, Giulia Girolimetti, Giuseppe Fiermonte, Giuseppe Gasparre, Giuseppe Leuzzi, Gopal P. Dahal, Gracjan Michlewski, Graeme L. Conn, Grant Stuchbury, Gregory R. Bowman, Grzegorz M. Popowicz, Guido Veit, Guilherme de Souza, Gustav Akk, Guy Caljon, Guzmán Álvarez, Gwennan Rucinski, Gyeongeun Lee, Gökhan Cildir, Hai Li, Hairol E. Breton, Hamed Jafar‐Nejad, Han Zhou, Hannah P. Moore, Hannah Tilford, Haynes Yuan, Heesung Shim, Heike Wulff, Heinrich C. Hoppe, Helena Chaytow, Heng-Keat Tam, Holly Van Remmen, Hongyang Xu, Hosana Maria Debonsi, Howard B. Lieberman, Ho‐Young Jung, Huaying Fan, Hui Feng, Hui Zhou, Hyeong Jun Kim, Iain R. Greig, Ileana Caliandro, Ileana Corvo, Imanol Arozarena, Imran N. Mungrue, Ingrid M. Verhamme, Insaf Ahmed Qureshi, Irina Lotsaris, Işın Çakır, J. Jefferson P. Perry, Jacek Kwiatkowski, Jacob Boorman, Jacob Ferreira, Jacob Fries, Jadel M. Kratz, Jaden Miner, Jair L. Siqueira-Neto, James G. Granneman, James C. K. Ng, James Shorter, Jan Voss, Jan M. Gebauer, Janelle Chuah, Jarrod J. Mousa, Jason T. Maynes, Jay D. Evans, Jeffrey G. Dickhout, Jeffrey P. MacKeigan, Jennifer Jossart, Jia Zhou, JiaBei Lin, Jiake Xu, Jianghai Wang, Jiaqi Zhu, Jiayu Liao, Jingyi Xu, Jinshi Zhao, Jiusheng Lin, Jiyoun Lee, Joana Reis, Joerg Stetefeld, John B. Bruning, John Burt Bruning, John G. Coles, John J. Tanner, John M. Pascal, Jonathan So, Jordan L. Pederick, José A. Costoya, Joseph B. Rayman, J.J. Maciag, Joshua A. Nasburg, Joshua J. Gruber, Joshua M. Finkelstein, Joshua Watkins, José Miguel Rodrı́guez-Frade, Juan Antonio Sanchez Arias, Juan José Lasarte, Julen Oyarzábal, Julian Milosavljevic, Julie Cools, Julien Lescar, Jun Wang, Jung‐Min Kee, Junzhuo Liao, Jyothi C. Sistla, Jônatas Santos Abrahão, Kamakshi Sishtla, Karol R. Francisco, Kasper B. Hansen, Kathleen Molyneaux, Kathryn A. Cunningham, Katie R. Martin, Kavita Gadar, Kayode K. Ojo, Keith S. Wong, Kelly L. Wentworth, Kent Lai, Kevin A. Lobb, Kevin M. Hopkins, Keykavous Parang, Khaled Machaca, Kien Pham, Kim Ghilarducci, Kim S. Sugamori, Kirk J. McManus, Kirsikka Musta, Kiterie M. E. Faller, Kiyo Nagamori, Konrad J. Mostert, Konstantin V. Korotkov, Koting Liu, Kristiana S. Smith, Kristopher A. Sarosiek, Kyle H. Rohde, Kyu Kwang Kim, Kyung Hyeon Lee, Lajos Pusztai, L. Lehtiö, Larisa M. Haupt, Leah E. Cowen, Lee J. Byrne, Leila Su, León Wert-Lamas, Leonor Puchades‐Carrasco, Lifeng Chen, Linda H. Malkas, Ling Zhuo, Lizbeth Hedstrom, Loren D. Walensky, Lorenzo Antonelli, Luisa Iommarini, Luke Whitesell, Lía M. Randall, M. Dahmani Fathallah, Maíra H. Nagai, M.L. Kilkenny, Manu Ben‐Johny, Marc Lussier, Marc P. Windisch, Marco Lolicato, Marco L. Lolli, Margot Vleminckx, Maria Cristina Caroleo, María J. Macias, Marília Valli, Marim Barghash, Mario Mellado, Mark A. Tye, Mark A. Wilson, Mark Hannink, Mark Ashton, Mark Vincent C. dela Cerna, Marta Giorgis, Martin K. Safo, Martin St. Maurice, Mary Ann McDowell, Marzia Pasquali, Masfique Mehedi, Mateus Sá Magalhães Serafim, Matthew B. Soellner, Matthew G. Alteen, Matthew M. Champion, Maxim Skorodinsky, Megan L. O’Mara, Mel Bedi, Menico Rizzi, Michael Levin, Michael Mowat, Michael R. Jackson, Mikell Paige, Minnatallah Al-Yozbaki, Miriam A. Giardini, Mirko M. Maksimainen, Monica De Luise, Muhammad Saddam Hussain, Myron Christodoulides, Natalia Stec, Natalia Zelinskaya, Natascha Van Pelt, Nathan Merrill, Nathanael Singh, Neeltje A. Kootstra, Neeraj Singh, Neha S. Gandhi, Nei‐Li Chan, Nguyen Mai Trinh, Nicholas O. Schneider, Nick Matovic, Nicola Horstmann, Nicola Longo, Nikhil Bharambe, Nirvan Rouzbeh, Niusha Mahmoodi, Njabulo Joyfull Gumede, Noelle C. Anastasio, Noureddine Ben Khalaf, Obdulia Rabal, Olga Kandror, Olivier Escaffre, Olli Silvennoinen, Özlem Taştan Bishop, Pablo Iglesias, Pablo Sobrado, Patrick Chuong, Patrick M. O’Connell, Pau Martín-Malpartida, Paul Mellor, Paul V. Fish, Paulo Otávio Lourenço Moreira, Pei Zhou, Pengda Liu, Pengpeng Wu, Percy S. Agogo-Mawuli, Peter Lloyd Jones, Peter Ngoi, Peter L. Toogood, Philbert Ip, Philipp von Hundelshausen, Pil H. Lee, Rachael B. Rowswell-Turner, Rafael Balaña‐Fouce, Rafael E. O. Rocha, Rafael V. C. Guido, Rafaela Salgado Ferreira, Rajendra K. Agrawal, Rajesh K. Harijan, Rajesh Ramachandran, Rajkumar Verma, Rakesh K. Singh, Rakesh Kumar Tiwari, Ralph Mazitschek, Rama K. Koppisetti, Remus T. Dame, Renée N. Douville, Richard C. Austin, Richard E. Taylor, Richard G. Moore, Richard H. Ebright, Richard Angell, Riqiang Yan, Rishabh Kejriwal, Robert A. Batey, Robert Blelloch, Robert J. Vandenberg, Robert J. Hickey, Robert J. Kelm, Robert J. Lake, Robert K. Bradley, Robert Blumenthal, Roberto Solano, Robin M. Gierse, Ronald E. Viola, Ronan R. McCarthy, Rosa M. Reguera, Ruben Vazquez-Uribe, Rubens Lima do Monte‐Neto, Ruggiero Gorgoglione, Ryan T. Cullinane, Sachin Katyal, Sakib Hossain, Sameer Phadke, Samuel A. Shelburne, Sandra Geden, Sandra Johannsen, Sarah Wazir, Scott Legare, Scott M. Landfear, Senthil K. Radhakrishnan, Serena Ammendola, Sergei Dzhumaev, Seung-Yong Seo, Shan Li, Shan Zhou, Shaoyou Chu, Shefali Chauhan, Shinsaku Maruta, Shireen R. Ashkar, Show‐Ling Shyng, Silvestro G. Conticello, Silvia Buroni, Silvia Garavaglia, Simon White, Siran Zhu, S. Tsimbalyuk, Somaia Haque Chadni, Soo Young Byun, Soonju Park, Sophia Q. Xu, Sourav Banerjee, Stefan Zahler, Stefano Espinoza, Stefano Gustincich, Stefano Sainas, Stephanie L. Celano, Stephen J. Capuzzi, Stephen N. Waggoner, Steve Poirier, Steven H. Olson, Steven O. Marx, Steven R. Van Doren, Suryakala Sarilla, Susann M. Brady‐Kalnay, Sydney Dallman, Syeda Maryam Azeem, T Teramoto, Tamar Mehlman, Tarryn Swart, Tatjana Abaffy, Tatos Akopian, T. Haikarainen, Teresa Lozano Moreda, Tetsuro Ikegami, Thaiz Rodrigues Teixeira, Thilina D. Jayasinghe, Thomas H. Gillingwater, Thomas Kampourakis, Timothy I. Richardson, Timothy J. Herdendorf, Timothy J. Kotzé, Timothy R. O’Meara, Timothy W. Corson, Tobias Hermle, Tomisin Happy Ogunwa, Tong Lan, Tong Su, Toshihiro Banjo, Tracy A. O’Mara, Tristan Chou, Tsui‐Fen Chou, Ulrich Baumann, Umesh R. Desai, Vaibhav P. Pai, Van Chi Thai, Vasudha Tandon, Versha Banerji, Victoria Robinson, Vignesh Gunasekharan, Vigneshwaran Namasivayam, Vincent F. M. Segers, Vincent Maranda, Vincenza Dolce, Vinícius Gonçalves Maltarollo, Viola Camilla Scoffone, Virgil A. Woods, Virginia P. Ronchi, Vuong Van Hung Le, W. Brent Clayton, W. Todd Lowther, Walid A. Houry, Wei Li, Weiping Tang, Wenjun Zhang, Wesley C. Van Voorhis, William A. Donaldson, William C. Hahn, William G. Kerr, William H. Gerwick, W.J. Bradshaw, Wuen Ee Foong, Xavier Blanchet, Xiaoyang Wu, Xin Lu, Xin Qi, Xin Xu, Xinfang Yu, Xingping Qin, Xingyou Wang, Xinrui Yuan, Xu Zhang, Yan Zhang, Yanmei Hu, Yasser A. Aldhamen, Yi‐Cheng Chen, Yihe Li, Ying Sun, Yini Zhu, Yogesh K. Gupta, Yolanda Pérez‐Pertejo, Yong Li, Young Tang, Yuan He, Yuk-Ching Tse-Dinh, Yulia Sidorova, Yun Yen, Yunlong Li, Zachary J. Frangos, Zara Chung, Zhengchen Su, Zhenghe Wang, Zhiguo Zhang, Zhongle Liu, Zintis Inde, Zoraima Artía, Abraham Heifets

Bibliographic record

VenueScientific Reports · 2024
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldComputer Science
TopicComputational Drug Discovery Methods
Canadian institutionsUniversity of WinnipegSt. Boniface HospitalSimon Fraser UniversityMcGill UniversityUniversité du Québec à MontréalMcMaster UniversityUniversity of ManitobaSt. Joseph’s Healthcare HamiltonUniversity of TorontoMontreal Heart InstituteCancerCare ManitobaSaskatchewan Cancer AgencyUniversity of AlbertaHospital for Sick ChildrenUniversity of SaskatchewanUniversité de Montréal
FundersBiotechnology and Biological Sciences Research CouncilNational Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney DiseasesMedical Research Council
KeywordsChemical spaceVirtual screeningComputer scienceDrug discoveryHigh-throughput screeningSmall moleculeThroughputConvolutional neural networkCheminformaticsChemical databaseComputational biologyMachine learningArtificial intelligenceBioinformaticsChemistryBiology

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

High throughput screening (HTS) is routinely used to identify bioactive small molecules. This requires physical compounds, which limits coverage of accessible chemical space. Computational approaches combined with vast on-demand chemical libraries can access far greater chemical space, provided that the predictive accuracy is sufficient to identify useful molecules. Through the largest and most diverse virtual HTS campaign reported to date, comprising 318 individual projects, we demonstrate that our AtomNet® convolutional neural network successfully finds novel hits across every major therapeutic area and protein class. We address historical limitations of computational screening by demonstrating success for target proteins without known binders, high-quality X-ray crystal structures, or manual cherry-picking of compounds. We show that the molecules selected by the AtomNet® model are novel drug-like scaffolds rather than minor modifications to known bioactive compounds. Our empirical results suggest that computational methods can substantially replace HTS as the first step of small-molecule drug discovery.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

How this classification was reachedexpand

Full frame machine prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.002
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.004
Version: metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061cValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Simulation or modeling · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.005
Threshold uncertainty score0.017

Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0020.004
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0010.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0010.001
Bibliometrics0.0010.001
Science and technology studies0.0000.001
Scholarly communication0.0020.003
Open science0.0010.001
Research integrity0.0010.001
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0050.001

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.031
GPT teacher head0.346
Teacher spread0.316 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it

Classification

machine, unvalidated

Machine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.

The models applied no category: nothing in the taxonomy fit this work.
Study designSimulation or modeling
Domainnot available
GenreEmpirical

How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".

Quick stats

Citations120
Published2024
Admission routes1
Has abstractyes

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Same venueScientific ReportsSame topicComputational Drug Discovery MethodsFrench-language works237,207