The impact of CO2-enhanced oil recovery on oil production and lifespan of old oil pools: A Canadian example
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT Analyses of oil production data from the Weyburn Midale oil pool reveal that CO2 injection substantially reduced the decline trend of annual oil outputs in an exponential way with an average decline rate of 2.5%, which is two times lower than that of the worldwide total giant oil fields (5.5% or 6.5%). Based on its production data, it is projected that without CO2 injection the pool would have ended its life by 2016 with an ultimate cumulative oil output of 448.1 million bbl (71.2 million m3) and a recovery factor of only 24.4%. However, with continuous CO2 injection, by 2055 when the pool will be celebrating its 100th birthday, it can still produce 4 million bbl (0.6 million m3) of oil annually with a cumulative output of 801.8 million bbl (127.5 million m3) of oil and a recovery factor of 43.7%, whereas an additional 9.2 TCF (259.9 billion m3) of CO2 will be poured into the pool. By 2100, after 100 yr of CO2 injection, the pool’s annual oil output could be near 1.5 million bbl (0.2 million m3) and its cumulative oil output would reach 914.0 million bbl (145.3 million m3) representing a recovery factor of 49.8%, whereas 21.3 TCF (604 billion m3) of more CO2 could be injected into and permanently stored in the pool. The CO2-enhanced oil recovery could extend the pool’s lifespan to 39 or even 84 more years.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".