Development of a novel empirical approach to control overbreak, surface quality, and slope angle of benches following blasting
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Overbreak, slope angle, and quality of a bench behind the boundary of excavation as attractive subjects for mining and civil engineers are the most crucial consequences of the post-blast. But the breakage mechanism of blasting has not originally been well clarified how a desirable slope angle and quality of a bench can be obtained by common drilling and blasting operations and what parameters can quantitatively affect such blasting consequences? The slope angle of the remained bench face ( β ) can be influenced by the overbreak zone between the last row of holes and the remained bench face after blasting. The breakage mechanism and influence of the blasthole parameters, such as hole diameters ( ϕ h), explosive weight per hole ( Q), burden ( B), spacing ( S), stemming ( St), bench height ( K), powder factor ( q), and blastability index (BI) on the width of overbreak zone ( LOZ), and the difference between hole and bench slope angles ( α ° − β °) and the width of damaged zone (LDZ) in 15 zones of Sun gun open pit copper mine, Golgohar open pit iron ore mine, Khoy limestone, Rashakan limestone, Bonab silica mine, and Evoghli gypsum mine were investigated. Several parameters were measured in each of 15 drilling and blasting operations. The blasthole parameters varied in a wide range for different mines. Both the inclined and horizontal faces of a bench as two free faces, which are subjected to the shock waves' reflection by blasting, can affect the overbreak and damaged zones. Impact of shock waves' reflection, breakage potential, and overbreak increases from the foot of the bench to the top. LOZ, ( α ° − β °), and LDZ of the results increased by power functions with increasing ϕ h, Q, B, S, St, and K. But acceptable correlations between each of LOZ, ( α ° − β °) and LDZ with q and BI were not achieved. New multivariable nonlinear relations between each of LOZ, ( α ° − β °), and LDZ with the combination of six blasthole parameters ϕ h, Q, B, S, St, and K were developed with good correlations. In some cases, with lower values of ϕ h, Q, B, S, St, and K, both the LOZ and ( α ° − β °) approached to zero value. The new achievements in this study can be important new guides to obtain the desirable bench slope angle and bench faces.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.005 | 0.012 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".