<i>Clavibacter tessellarius</i> causing bacterial mosaic of wheat establishes in the Old World
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The genus Clavibacter (family Microbacteriaceae ) includes gram‐positive actinobacterial species infecting diverse agricultural crops such as alfalfa, maize, pepper, potato, tomato and wheat. Clavibacter tessellarius , causing bacterial mosaic of wheat, was reported for the first time in 1976 in Nebraska (United States). Since then, the pathogen was thought to be restricted to North America (Canada and the United States). While bacterial strains suspected to be C . tessellarius have occasionally been isolated from wheat samples outside North America, occurrence of the pathogen in the Old World has not yet been confirmed by the plant protection authorities. In spring 2020 (January to May) dozens of wheat fields with young plants showing leaf chlorosis and mild mosaic symptoms were surveyed and sampled in southern Iran. Among 192 surveyed wheat fields, gram‐positive, orange‐pigmented actinobacterial strains were isolated from samples of 53 fields. Altogether, 61 bacterial strains were identified as C . tessellarius based on the phenotypic features, PCR‐based molecular tests and pathogenicity assays. Multilocus sequence analysis of five housekeeping genes ( atpD , dnaK , gyrB , ppk and rpoB ) using 10 representative strains from diverse geographic areas in southern Iran confirmed the phylogenetic status of the strains within C . tessellarius . Our data indicate that the bacterial mosaic pathogen occurs in four southern Iranian provinces including Bushehr, Fars, Kerman and Khuzestan. Thus, occurrence of C . tessellarius outside North America is confirmed. Potential risks associated with the emergence of the pathogen in the Old World, and the need for strict quarantine measures in the area, is further discussed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".