Access to medication in universal health systems – perspectives and challenges
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT This study aimed to analyze the challenges of access to medicines in four universal health systems in Australia, Brazil, Canada and the United Kingdom. Critical-reflexive qualitative study through Integrative Literature Review. The great challenge of the systems studied is the incorporation of high-cost drugs, through cost-effectiveness analyses to fulfill the difficult task of reconciling social justice and access equity with economic sustainability. Canada, in particular, despite being a developed country, still deals with the dilemma of how to finance a health system in which access to medicines is also universal. Brazil deals with two problematic realities: first, to grant access to medicines that are already standardized by the Unified Health System (SUS), in the face of insufficient funding. Secondly, similarly to the Australian, Canadian, and English systems, the dilemma of how to incorporate new efficient medicines considering its economic feasibility, as well as the issue of health judicialization, a complex phenomenon resulting from public fragility in the organization, financing, and consolidation of the SUS.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.006 | 0.025 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.009 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.008 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".