Dataset for the paper "The Impact of International Trade on the Price of Solar Photovoltaic Modules: Empirical Evidence "
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This dataset contains panel data for a sample of 15 countries (Australia, Austria, Canada, China, Denmark, France, Germany, Israel, Italy, Japan, Republic of Korea, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United States) over the period 2006-2015. The series used are available for a small number of developed countries and for a relatively short time period. Solar PV module prices, imports of solar PV panels and public budget for R&D in PV are in real terms and were obtained by dividing them by the United States GDP deflator. The series are obtained from five main sources. Imports value of solar PV panels series are taken from Commodity Trade Statistics database (COMTRADE). PV panels (cells and modules) are a part of the category HS 854140, "Photosensitive Semiconductor Devices, Photovoltaic Cells and Light-Emitting Diodes". Solar PV module prices, cumulative installed PV capacity and public budget for R&D in PV series are constructed from the PVPS report Trends in Photovoltaic Applications of the International Energy Agency (IEA). Population density, political stability index, renewable energy consumption and per capita carbon dioxide emissions series are all obtained from the World Bank (WB). Real GDP per capita series is taken from Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (FRED). Technological development in PV and crude oil import price series are drawn from the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) database. Since crude oil import price series are not available for China and Israel, we use the West Texas Intermediate spot crude oil price as a proxy. The dummy for presence of feed-in tariff is constructed from the OECD database.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.008 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.066 | 0.033 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".