Additional file 1 of Gamma-aminobutyric acid and glutamate/glutamine levels in the dentate nucleus and periaqueductal gray with episodic and chronic migraine: a proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Additional file 1: Fig. S1. Associations between headache frequency and neurochemical levels. (A) and (B) show the correlation between headache frequency and the GABA level in the PAG. (C) and (D) show the correlation between headache frequency and the Glx level in the PAG. (E) and (F) show the correlation between headache frequency and the GABA level in the DN. (G) and (H) show the correlation between headache frequency and the Glx level in the DN. Dots represent participants with migraine. The black regression line represents Pearson’s correlation coefficient (r). Gray shading represents the 95% confidence intervals of the partial correlations. PAG, periaqueductal gray; DN, dentate nucleus; GABA, gamma-aminobutyric acid; Glx, glutamate/glutamine. Fig. S2. Associations between disease duration and neurochemical levels. (A) and (B) show the correlation between disease duration and the GABA level in the PAG. (C) and (D) show the correlation between disease duration and the Glx level in the PAG. (E) and (F) show the correlation between disease duration and the GABA level in the DN. (G) and (H) show the correlation between disease duration and the Glx level in the DN. Dots represent participants with migraine. The black regression line represents Pearson’s correlation coefficient (r). Gray shading represents the 95% confidence intervals of the partial correlations. PAG, periaqueductal gray; DN, dentate nucleus; GABA, gamma-aminobutyric acid; Glx, glutamate/glutamine. Fig. S3. Associations between the MIDAS score and neurochemical levels. (A) and (B) show the correlation between the MIDAS score and GABA level in the PAG. (C) and (D) show the correlation between the MIDAS score and Glx level in the PAG. (E) and (F) show the correlation between the MIDAS score and GABA level in the DN. (G) and (H) show the correlation between the MIDAS score and Glx level in the DN. Dots represent participants with migraine. The black regression line represents Pearson’s correlation coefficient (r). Gray shading represents the 95% confidence intervals of the partial correlations. MIDAS, migraine disability assessment scale; PAG, periaqueductal gray; DN, dentate nucleus; GABA, gamma-aminobutyric acid; Glx, glutamate/glutamine. Fig. S4. Associations between the HIT-6 score and neurochemical levels. (A) and (B) show the correlation between the HIT-6 score and GABA level in the PAG. (C) and (D) show the correlation between the HIT-6 score and Glx level in the PAG. (E) and (F) show the correlation between the HIT-6 score and GABA level in the DN. (G) and (H) show the correlation between the HIT-6 score and Glx level in the DN. Dots represent participants with migraine. The black regression line represents Pearson’s correlation coefficient (r). Gray shading represents the 95% confidence intervals of the partial correlations. HIT-6, Headache Impact Test; PAG, periaqueductal gray; DN, dentate nucleus; GABA, gamma-aminobutyric acid; Glx, glutamate/glutamine. Fig. S5. Associations between the PHQ-9 score and neurochemical levels. (A) and (B) show the correlation between the PHQ-9 score and GABA level in the PAG. (C) and (D) show the correlation between the PHQ-9 score and Glx level in the PAG. (E) and (F) show the correlation between the PHQ-9 score and GABA level in the DN. (G) and (H) show the correlation between the PHQ-9 score and Glx level in the DN. Dots represent participants with migraine. The black regression line represents Pearson’s correlation coefficient (r). Gray shading represents the 95% confidence intervals of the partial correlations. Patient Health Questionnaire-9; PAG, periaqueductal gray; DN, dentate nucleus; GABA, gamma-aminobutyric acid; Glx, glutamate/glutamine. Fig. S6. Associations between the GAD-7 score and neurochemical levels. (A) and (B) show the correlation between the GAD-7 score and GABA level in the PAG. (C) and (D) show the correlation between the GAD-7 score and Glx level in the PAG. (E) and (F) show the correlation between the GAD-7 score and GABA level in the DN. (G) and (H) show the correlation between the GAD-7 score and Glx level in the DN. Dots represent participants with migraine. The black regression line represents Pearson’s correlation coefficient (r). Gray shading represents the 95% confidence intervals of the partial correlations. Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7; PAG, periaqueductal gray; DN, dentate nucleus; GABA, gamma-aminobutyric acid; Glx, glutamate/glutamine. Fig. S7. Associations between the PSQI score and neurochemical levels. (A) and (B) show the correlation between the PSQI score and GABA level in the PAG. (C) and (D) show the correlation between the PSQI score and Glx level in the PAG. (E) and (F) show the correlation between the PSQI score and GABA level in the DN. (G) and (H) show the correlation between the PSQI score and Glx level in the DN. Dots represent participants with migraine. The black regression line represents Pearson’s correlation coefficient (r). Gray shading represents the 95% confidence intervals of the partial correlations. PSQI, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; PAG, periaqueductal gray; DN, dentate nucleus; GABA, gamma-aminobutyric acid; Glx, glutamate/glutamine. Fig. S8. Associations between the MoCA score and neurochemical levels. (A) and (B) show the correlation between the MoCA score and GABA level in the PAG. (C) and (D) show the correlation between the MoCA score and Glx level in the PAG. (E) and (F) show the correlation between the MoCA score and GABA level in the DN. (G) and (H) show the correlation between the MoCA score and Glx level in the DN. Dots represent participants with migraine. The black regression line represents Pearson’s correlation coefficient (r). Gray shading represents the 95% confidence intervals of the partial correlations. MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment; PAG, periaqueductal gray; DN, dentate nucleus; GABA, gamma-aminobutyric acid; Glx, glutamate/glutamine.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.024 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.810 | 0.068 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".