Changes in the range and virulence of <i>Plasmodiophora brassicae</i> across Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Plasmodiophora brassicae causes clubroot on Brassica vegetables and canola around the world. A diverse assemblage of new pathotypes have been identified on canola in the Canadian province of Alberta since 2012, but the pathotypes present in the rest of Canada have not been assessed in detail in recent years. Brassica vegetable and canola fields in Ontario were surveyed for clubroot in 2017–2019. The pathotype of isolates collected was determined using the Williams differential set. Clubroot samples or soil from six other Canadian provinces were also assessed. Clubroot appears to be spreading on canola in Ontario. Pathotype 6 was found only on vegetables and pathotype 2 was predominant on canola; pathotypes 2X and 3X were also identified on canola. The ‘X’ indicates collections that were virulent on the first generation of clubroot-resistant canola cultivars in Canada. Prior to 2012, the pathotypes in eastern Canada were 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 and the pathotypes in western Canada were 3, 5, and 8 with 6 found on vegetables in British Columbia. Additional virulent pathotypes 2X, 3X, and 5X were identified in eastern Canada and pathotype 9 was found in Manitoba. Two instances of rapid shifts in pathotype at research sites were demonstrated, one in Ontario (pathotype 6 to 2) and one in Quebec (pathotypes 2 and 5 to 2X and 5X).
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".