Unveiling the cation ratio mediated structural modifications in TiO<sub>2</sub>:GeO<sub>2</sub> mixtures for gravitational-wave detectors
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Amorphous thin films of Ti doped GeO 2 are of interest for coatings of the mirrors in gravitational wave detectors (GWDs) due to their low internal friction (Vajente et al 2021 Phys. Rev. Lett. 127 071101). The addition of Ti to amorphous GeO 2 ( a -GeO 2 ) enables tailoring of the optical and structural properties of the mixtures. However, the specific modifications that occur in the amorphous network with the addition of Ti are not known. In this work, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy is used to identify modifications to the bonding of Ge and Ti atoms in mixtures of Ti doped a- GeO 2 with different Ti cation content. The formation of (Ti–O–Ge) bonds is evidenced from: (1) the presence of a peak which intensity increases with Ti content and causes a shift to lower binding energy (BE) of the core level O 1 s peak; (2) the shift to higher BE of the Ti 2 p 3/2 peak and a decrease in the energy split; and (3) the shift to lower BE of the Ge 3 d 5/2 peak and increase in the energy split. These changes reflect modifications to the bonding when Ge replaces Ti in Ti–O–Ti bonds and Ti replaces Ge in Ge–O–Ge bonds due to their difference in electronegativity. A decrease in the O–O nearest-neighbour distance due to the incorporation of Ti atom is also observed from the broadening of the valence band spectra. The results show the 0.44 Ti doped a -GeO 2 mixture has a balance between the (Ti–O–Ge) and the (Ge–O–Ge) networks, not observed in Ti poor and Ti rich mixtures. This finding could have important consequences in the optimisation of amorphous Ti doped a -GeO 2 mixtures for low internal friction coatings of GWDs.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".