Model of a massive particle in the dynamic medium of reference theory. Explanation of the wave-corpuscle duality and de Broglie wavelength
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The theory of the Dynamic Medium of Reference has already been presented in several articles, in particular O. Pignard, “Dynamic Medium of Reference: A new theory of gravitation” [Phys. Essays 32, 422 (2019)]. The objective of this article is to present a model of a massive particle within the framework of the Dynamic Medium of Reference theory. A concept of elementary wave on the subatomic level is introduced. An elementary wave is always identical to itself while being constantly renewed by new gravitons (entities that make up the medium of propagation of the wave). This elementary wave propagates in its medium (Dynamic Medium of Reference) at the speed of light, whatever its trajectory. A possible model of the elementary wave called vortex is presented in Appendix B. Then, the concept of line of vortices is introduced. The proposed model of a massive particle is then a set of lines of vortices. This model allows to explain that a massive particle has at the same time a wave aspect (because composed only of elementary waves) and a corpuscular aspect (since the elementary waves remain identical to themselves and that the massive particle remains delimited by the same volume). This model makes it possible to attribute to a massive particle a period T = γ ⋅ T 0 = T 0 / sin , a pulsation or angular velocity Ω = ( Ω 0 / γ ) = Ω 0 sin , an energy E = γ ⋅ m 0 c 0 2 = γ ⋅ E 0 = ( E O / sin ) , and a momentum p = γ ⋅ m 0 V = ( m 0 c 0 / tan ) , where T 0 , Ω 0 , E 0 , and m 0 are, respectively, the period, the pulsation, the energy, and the mass of the particle at rest in the Privileged Frame of Reference and designates the angle defined by the relation cos = V / c 0 , where V is the speed of the particle relative to the Privileged Frame of Reference. This same model also makes it possible to attribute to the massive particle the de Broglie wavelength of expression λ = ( h / p ) = λ 0 tan with λ 0 = ( h / m 0 c 0 ) and a frequency of expression ν = ( c 0 / λ ) 2 + ( c 0 / λ 0 ) 2 = γ ⋅ ν 0 = ( ν 0 / sin
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.009 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".