MRI Probes for In Vivo Aldehyde Sensing
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Endogenous aldehydes are produced via tightly regulated metabolic processes and are rapidly cleared by aldehyde dehydrogenases. However, dysregulation of these processes leads to accumulation of toxic aldehydes in affected tissues, resulting in electrophilic stress forming pathogenic DNA‐ and protein‐adducts. The highly reactive aldehydes contribute to numerous pathologies including traumatic brain injury, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and fibrosis. Due to their transient nature and electrophilicity, the development of molecular imaging probes with the ability to trap and detect aldehydes in vivo remains a challenge. Herein, two classes of aldehyde‐mapping MRI probes are discussed: (1) gadolinium and manganese‐containing macrocyclic MRI agents targeting extracellular aldehydes produced during active tissue fibrosis, and (2) metal‐free hydrazoCEST‐MRI agents for total intracellular aldehyde detection. This comprehensive review outlines the development, mechanisms, and potential applications of diverse MRI probes targeting aldehydes, aiming to advance non‐invasive diagnostic tools, disease staging, and therapeutic interventions in multiple pathologies.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".