The Effects of an Exercise and Lifestyle Intervention Program on Cardiovascular, Metabolic Factors and Cognitive Performance in Middle-Aged Adults with Type II Diabetes: A Pilot Study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Canada is experiencing a rise in type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM), a known risk factor for accelerated cognitive decline and dementia. Within the context of an aging population, this will impose significant individual and societal burden, making the development of prevention programs imperative. Objective: This pilot study examines the effects of the Diabetes Exercise and Healthy Lifestyle Service, a 24-week intervention program, on cardiovascular, metabolic regulation and cognitive function in adults with T2DM. Methods: Seventeen middle-aged participants provided blood samples for biological markers, underwent cognitive testing and a physical stress test pre- and post-intervention. Cognitive performance was evaluated using the California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT), Digit Symbol Substitution Tasl (DSST) and fluency test. Results: Adjusted models reveal participants displayed increased cardiovascular fitness (VO2 peak: Mchange=4.09 mL∙kg∙min-1 SE=1.4), peak heart rate (Mchange= 9.28 beats⋅min-1 SE=2.68) and change in heart rate (Mchange=10.71 SE=1.76) in response to the stress test (ps<0.05) following the 24-week intervention. A decrease in body mass index (BMI) (Mchange= −1.03 SE=0.40) and depressive symptomatology (CES-D: Mchange = −3.62 SE=1.44) was also found (ps<0.05). No change was found for lipid and glucose levels. Surprisingly, analyses showed that cognitive performance on the CVLT immediate recall (M= −4.37 SE=2.21), CVTL short-delay recall (M= −1.06 SE=0.55), DSST (Mchange= −3 SE=0.53) and category fluency (Mchange= −1.69 SE=0.78) declined following the intervention (ps<0.05); however, decline on the CVLT was limited to adults with co-morbid T2DM and hypertension. Conclusion: Additional research is needed to evaluate the benefit of an exercise and lifestyle program that targets cognitive health in those with T2DM.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".