Evaluation of TGF-β isoforms based on selected clinical parameters in asthmatic patients
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Introduction:The transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) has attracted particular attention from researchers in the context of the pathogenesis and development of asthma and allergic diseases.Undoubtedly, TGF-β is one of the main cytokines involved in mediating inflammation and bronchial remodeling.It stimulates fibroblasts and myofibroblasts, and regulates processes of extracellular matrix remodeling, thus contributing to fibrosis and bronchial remodeling.In long-term inflammation, the airways become stiffened and airflow is impaired, which is sometimes reflected by lower values of spirometric parameters.What may also be observed in aging organs is intensified fibrotic processes.Aim: To evaluate the correlation between concentrations of all the TGF-β 1-3 isoforms and selected clinical parameters, including pulmonary function indices assessed by spirometry. Material and methods:The study included 41 asthmatic patients and 28 non-asthmatic volunteers recruited from the Department of Allergology and the Allergy and Pulmonology Outpatient Clinic of N. Barlicki University Teaching Hospital No. 1 in Lodz.The participants underwent a full medical examination and spirometry, and blood samples were collected from them for serum TGF-β levels.Individual isoforms of TGF-β1, TGF-β2 and TGF-β3 were determined by ELISA.The data obtained were then subjected to statistical analysis using the Student's t-test, Mann-Whitney U-test, Fisher's t-test and Pearson's correlation.Results: The obtained results show significantly increased TGF-β1 and TGF-β2 levels among the elderly, both diseased and non-asthmatic individuals.Additionally, higher TGF-β1 and TGF-β2 concentrations correlate significantly with a decreased FEV1%/FVC ratio, while TGF-β2 alone also correlates negatively with FEV1 and FVC values.The TGF-β1 and TGF-β2 isoforms have been shown to be associated with the pathogenesis of asthma.Expression of TGF-β1 and TGF-β2 increases with age.Higher concentrations of TGF-β1 and TGF-β2 significantly translate into worsening spirometric values.Conclusions: It is worth continuing research on TGF-β as a potential marker of remodeling in asthma.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".