Performance Analysis of Empirical Open-Circuit Voltage Modeling in Lithium-Ion Batteries, Part-2: Data Collection Procedure
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Battery management systems (BMSs) rely on the prior characterization of the open circuit voltage (OCV) against the state of charge (SOC) for accurate SOC estimation in real-time. The OCV-SOC characterization is done offline in a laboratory setting using sample batteries. Various quantities defined for the OCV-SOC characterization process may determine the performance indicators of the battery, such as battery capacity, SOC and available power. Clearly defined OCV-SOC characterization will result in better performance and predictability of the BMS in electric vehicle applications. This paper is the second part of a series of papers about empirical approaches to open-circuit voltage (OCV) modeling and its performance comparison in lithium-ion batteries. The first part of the series introduced various sources of uncertainties in the OCV models and established a theoretical relationship between uncertainties and the performance of a battery management system. In this paper, clearly defined approaches for low-rate OCV data collection are described in detail. The data collection is designed with consideration to several parameters that affect the experimental time and the performance of the BMS. Based on the proposed approach, data is collected from 16 battery cells through 28 different experiments and analyzed. The results demonstrate the importance of a clearly defined data collection plan for the accuracy of SOC estimation in battery management systems.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.009 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".