Characterizing Timeout Builds in Continuous Integration
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Compute resources that enable Continuous Integration (CI, i.e., the automatic build and test cycle applied to the change sets that development teams produce) are a shared commodity that organizations need to manage. To prevent (erroneous) builds from consuming a large amount of resources, CI service providers often impose a time limit. CI builds that exceed the time limit are automatically terminated. While imposing a time limit helps to prevent abuse of the service, builds that timeout (a) consume the maximum amount of resources that a CI service is willing to provide and (b) leave CI users without an indication of whether the change set will pass or fail the CI process. Therefore, understanding timeout builds and the factors that contribute to them is important for improving the stability and quality of a CI service. In this paper, we investigate the prevalence of timeout builds and the characteristics associated with them. By analyzing a curated dataset of 936 projects that adopt the CircleCI service and report at least one timeout build, we find that the median duration of a timeout build (19.7 minutes) is more than five times that of a build that produces a pass or fail result (3.4 minutes). To better understand the factors contributing to timeout builds, we model timeout builds using characteristics of project build history, build queued time, timeout tendency, size, and author experience based on data collected from 105,663 CI builds. Our model demonstrates a discriminatory power that vastly surpasses that of a random predictor (Area Under the Receiver Operating characteristic Curve, i.e., <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">AUROC</i> = 0.939) and is highly stable in its performance ( <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">AUROC</i> optimism = 0.0001). Moreover, our model reveals that the build history and timeout tendency features are strong indicators of timeout builds, with the timeout status of the most recent build accounting for the largest proportion of the explanatory power. A longitudinal analysis of the incidences of timeout builds (i.e., a study conducted over a period of time) indicates that 64.03% of timeout builds occur consecutively. In such cases, it takes a median of 24 hours before a build that passes or fails occurs. Our results imply that CI providers should exploit build history to anticipate timeout builds.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it