Craniofacial anomalies in schizophrenia‐relevant GFAP.HMOX1<sup>0‐12m</sup> mice
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Subtle craniofacial dysmorphology has been reported in schizophrenia patients. This dysmorphology includes midline facial elongation, frontonasal anomalies and a sexually dimorphic deviation from normal directional asymmetry of the face, with male patients showing reduced and female patients showing enhanced facial asymmetry relative to healthy control subjects. GFAP.HMOX10‐12m transgenic mice (Mus musculus) that overexpress heme oxygenase‐1 in astrocytes recapitulate many schizophrenia‐relevant neurochemical, neuropathological and behavioral features. As morphogenesis of the brain, skull and face are highly interrelated, we hypothesized that GFAP.HMOX10‐12m mice may exhibit craniofacial anomalies similar to those reported in persons with schizophrenia. We examined craniofacial anatomy in male GFAP.HMOX10‐12m mice and wild‐type control mice at the early adulthood age of 6–8 months. We used computer vision techniques for the extraction and analysis of mouse head shape parameters from systematically acquired 2D digital images, and confirmed our results with landmark‐based geometric morphometrics. We performed skull bone morphometry using digital calipers to take linear distance measurements between known landmarks. Relative to controls, adult male GFAP.HMOX10‐12m mice manifested craniofacial dysmorphology including elongation of the nasal bones, alteration of head shape anisotropy and reduction of directional asymmetry in facial shape features. These findings demonstrate that GFAP.HMOX10‐12m mice exhibit craniofacial anomalies resembling those described in schizophrenia patients, implicating heme oxygenase‐1 in their development. As a preclinical mouse model, GFAP.HMOX10‐12m mice provide a novel opportunity for the study of the etiopathogenesis of craniofacial and other anomalies in schizophrenia and related disorders.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".