Enhanced CO Tolerance with PtRuAuPd/C Anode Catalyst in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Platinum poisoning in the presence of even trace amounts of carbon monoxide (CO) within a hydrogen fuel degrades the activity of a proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell. Herein, we report a quadmetallic alloy, PtRuAuPd/C, prepared by a water-in-oil microemulsion method for CO tolerant hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR). The obtained spherical nanoparticles were 3.4 ± 0.5 nm in size with a Pt:Ru:Au:Pd atomic ratio of 22:34:22:22. The X-ray diffraction confirmed the alloy formation through a shift in the Pt peaks. The compositions and oxidation states were elucidated via X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The comparison catalysts, PtRu/C, PtRuAu/C, and PtRuPd/C alloys, were also similarly prepared and analyzed. Among all these alloys, PtRuAuPd/C demonstrated the highest electrochemically active surface area of 123.2 m 2 /g and a CO oxidation peak potential merely 20 mV higher than the PtRu/C catalyst, as measured using CO stripping voltammetry in a 0.5 M H 2 SO 4 electrolyte. The evaluation of CO tolerance through a 30 s exposure to 5% CO at a constant potential revealed PtRuAuPd/C recovery of 93.6% in HOR current density outperforming PtRu/C at 91.5%. Following the durability test cycling, wherein a reduction in surface Ru concentration was observed through cyclic voltammetry, the CO oxidation potential of PtRuAuPd/C remained unchanged, while that of PtRu/C significantly shifted to higher potentials by 270 mV. Single fuel cell assessments at 70 °C revealed higher cell performance of PtRuAuPd/C with pure H 2 fuel and higher oscillating potentials during self-oxidation with 80 ppm of CO contamination in comparison to commercial PtRu/C catalyst demonstrating its high CO tolerance.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".