Revisiting spin ice physics in the ferromagnetic Ising pyrochlore <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mi>Pr</mml:mi><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub><mml:msub><mml:mi>Sn</mml:mi><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">O</mml:mi><mml:mn>7</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:math>
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Pyrochlore materials are characterized by their hallmark network of corner-sharing rare-earth tetrahedra, which can produce a wide array of complex magnetic ground states. Ferromagnetic Ising pyrochlores often obey the ``two-in-two-out'' spin ice rules, which can lead to a highly degenerate spin structure. Large moment systems, such as ${\mathrm{Ho}}_{2}{\mathrm{Ti}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{7}$ and ${\mathrm{Dy}}_{2}{\mathrm{Ti}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{7}$, tend to host a classical spin ice state with low-temperature spin freezing and emergent magnetic monopoles. Systems with smaller effective moments, such as ${\mathrm{Pr}}^{3+}$-based pyrochlores, have been proposed as excellent candidates for hosting a ``quantum spin ice'' characterized by entanglement and a slew of exotic quasiparticle excitations. However, experimental evidence for a quantum spin ice state has remained elusive. Here, we show that the low-temperature magnetic properties of ${\mathrm{Pr}}_{2}{\mathrm{Sn}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{7}$ satisfy several important criteria for continued consideration as a quantum spin ice. We find that ${\mathrm{Pr}}_{2}{\mathrm{Sn}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{7}$ exhibits two distinct spin-correlation time scales of $\ensuremath{\tau}\ensuremath{\ge}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ and $\ensuremath{\sim}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}10}$ s in the spin ice regime. Our comprehensive bulk characterization and neutron scattering measurements enable us to map out the magnetic field-temperature phase diagram, producing results consistent with expectations for a ferromagnetic Ising pyrochlore. We identify key hallmarks of spin ice physics and show that the application of small magnetic fields (${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{0}{H}_{c}\ensuremath{\sim}0.5$ T) suppresses the spin ice state and induces a field-polarized, ordered spin-ice phase. Together, our work clarifies the current state of ${\mathrm{Pr}}_{2}{\mathrm{Sn}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{7}$ and encourages future studies aimed at exploring the potential for a quantum spin ice ground state in this system.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.007 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.006 | 0.005 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.006 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.355 | 0.010 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".