Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging of Human Retinal Pigment Epithelium in Pentosan Polysulfate Toxicity Using Adaptive Optics Scanning Light Ophthalmoscopy
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Purpose: Fluorescence lifetime ophthalmoscopy (FLIO) is an emerging clinical modality that could provide biomarkers of retinal health beyond fluorescence intensity. Adaptive optics (AO) ophthalmoscopy provides the confocality to measure fluorescence lifetime (FL) primarily from the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) whereas clinical FLIO has greater influence from fluorophores in the inner retina and lens. Adaptive optics fluorescence lifetime ophthalmoscopy (AOFLIO) measures of FL in vivo could provide insight into RPE health at different stages of disease. In this study, we assess changes in pentosan polysulfate sodium (PPS) toxicity, a recently described toxicity that has clinical findings similar to advanced age-related macular degeneration. Methods: AOFLIO was performed on three subjects with PPS toxicity (57-67 years old) and six age-matched controls (50-64 years old). FL was analyzed with a double exponential decay curve fit and with phasor analysis. Regions of interest (ROIs) were subcategorized based on retinal features on optical coherence tomography (OCT) and compared to age-matched controls. Results: Twelve ROIs from PPS toxicity subjects met the threshold for analysis by curve fitting and 15 ROIs met the threshold for phasor analysis. Subjects with PPS toxicity had prolonged FL compared to age-matched controls. ROIs of RPE degeneration had the longest FLs, with individual pixels extending longer than 900 ps. Conclusions: Our study shows evidence that AOFLIO can provide meaningful information in outer retinal disease beyond what is obtainable from fluorescence intensity alone. More studies are needed to determine the prognostic value of AOFLIO.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.007 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".