A Simplified Method of True Height Analysis to Estimate the Real Height of Sporadic E Layers
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The sporadic E (Es) layer virtual height and the ordinary wave critical frequency are routinely measured ionogram parameters, used to characterize the Es altitude occurrence and intensity. It has become common practice to take the real height to be about equal to by assuming that signal propagation delays in the E region plasma below the layer are small and can be neglected. Although this applies for nighttime, during daytime it may overestimate significantly. The present paper relies on true height analysis theory to devise a simplified method and propose an algorithm that can estimate Es real heights reasonably well. The method relies on and ionosonde measurements and E region electron density profiles obtained from the International Reference Ionosphere model. The algorithm is applied to a typical set of Digisonde observations to compute and examine real height variations and functional dependencies. Whereas ≃ at nighttime, during daytime there are notable − differences taking values less than 10 km for most of the observed layers. During the early morning and early afternoon hours, however, when weak layers appear at upper heights, the virtual to real height differences become larger reaching 20–25 km. The method proposed here for the estimation of can be easily applied to improve the accuracy of the results of sporadic E layer studies.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".