Availability of trace minerals in feed ingredients and supplemental sources (inorganic, organic, and nano) in broiler chickens
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This trial aimed to investigate the bioavailability of copper, iron, zinc, manganese, and selenium in nano, organic, and common inorganic forms. At d 15 of age, a total of 480 birds, one-day-old Ross 308 males, were used in the current trial and housed in metabolic cages for chickens. All birds were randomly arranged according to their body weight (436 ± 23 g) and allotted to 8 experimental diets in a completely randomized design. There were 12 replicates in each diet group with 5 birds per replicate. The experimental diets consisted of 7 diets, containing corn, soybean meal (SBM), corn gluten meal (CGM), fish meal, inorganic premix, organic premix, and nano-premix. There was a higher apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of copper in corn compared with SBM, CGM, and fish meal (<italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.01). An increase in AID of iron was observed in broiler chickens fed corn and fish meal, however, the highest SID of iron was observed in chickens fed fish meal (<italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.01). Moreover, the SID of iron was higher in chickens fed corn compared with SBM and CGM. The AID and SID of zinc in CGM treatment were higher than the SBM. An increase in AID of manganese was observed in broiler chickens fed fish meal compared with the CGM and SBM, however, the highest SID of manganese was observed in chickens fed CGM (<italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.01). There was the highest AID and SID of selenium in chickens fed fish meal compared with SBM, CGM, and fish meal (<italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.01). Moreover, the SID of selenium was higher in chickens fed CGM compared with SBM and corn. The AID and SID of copper, iron, zinc, manganese, and selenium were higher (<italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.01) in the nano- and organic forms compared with the inorganic form. In conclusion, fish meal showed a higher bioavailability of iron, manganese, and selenium compared with CGM and SBM. Moreover, the nano-minerals showed a similar bioavailability compared with the organic form.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".