Fashioning Flannel: Wales, Female Masculinity, and Same-Sex Desire in the Novels of Amy Dillwyn
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract: This article explores how in her novels of the 1880s, Amy Dillwyn uses Welsh flannel to convey a queer female masculinity that is rough, “savage,” working class, and Welsh. Feminine fashions are divested or destroyed: ballgowns go up in flames, corsets are resisted, girls undress to avoid maternally imposed gender constraints. But fine clothes and jewellery are also eroticized proxies for desired women, who are watched voyeuristically from a distance. Dillwyn often pairs her female protagonists with male doubles, and the final section of the essay traces the comic juxtaposition of a masculine woman with an elaborately dressed dandy. Informed by Jack Halberstam’s theories of female masculinity and shadow feminism, this article also draws on Dillwyn’s life writing and her interest in the social and political dimensions of vestimentary codes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".