Limiting Freedom of Religion in a Pandemic: The Constitutionality of Restrictions on Religious Gatherings in a Response to COVID-19
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Restrictions on religious gathering as a response to the COVID-19 pandemic are a contentious issue. This article surveys the measures restricting religious gatherings and the legal challenges to those measures. There are three principal arguments that restrictions on religious gatherings are unconstitutional: (1) they lack instrumental rationality; (2) they are discriminatory; and (3) their deleterious effects outweigh their salutary effects. While the restriction measures likely limit section 2(a) and potentially section 15(1) rights under the Charter, these limits are justified because less restrictive alternatives to the measures are not equally effective, the measures are non-discriminatory, and their contribution to protecting Canadians from illness and death outweigh their deleterious effects. The article concludes with recommendations for future government measures directed at religious gatherings.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.011 | 0.016 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.005 | 0.024 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.006 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.008 | 0.009 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".