Incongruence between Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Subjective Reports of Physical Activity in Multiple Sclerosis: A Focus on Sex Differences
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Purpose . The link between moderate‐ to vigorous‐intensity physical activity (MVPA) and cardiorespiratory fitness in individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS) remains unclear. This study examined the relationship between self‐reported MVPA and objectively assessed cardiorespiratory fitness, emphasizing sex differences. Methods . 107 adults with MS (77 females), aged (mean ± standard deviation) 47.2 ± 10.2 years, were recruited from a local MS clinic. Fitness was measured as maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O 2max ) during a graded maximal exercise test using a recumbent stepper. MVPA (24‐hour recall) was estimated as the duration of activities ≥ 3 MET (metabolic equivalent of task). MET‐minutes were calculated by multiplying MET by duration. We explored sex differences in self‐reported MVPA, cardiorespiratory fitness, and disability; examined sex differences in associations between these variables; and investigated whether MET‐minutes of MVPA predicted V̇O 2max in females and males. Results . Mean V̇O 2max was 24.79 mL·kg -1 ·min -1 , indicating poor cardiorespiratory fitness levels, despite high levels of self‐reported MVPA (mean = 412.5 MET‐minutes). Fifty‐three percent of males and 40% of females had V̇O 2max levels below the 20 th age‐ and sex‐standardized population percentile, indicating poor cardiorespiratory fitness. There were statistically significant associations between MVPA and V̇O 2max (Rho = 0.27, p = .01), as well as disability and V̇O 2max (Rho = −0.35, p = .02), in females but not males. A regression model using sex, age, body mass, disability, and MVPA to estimate V̇O 2max was valid in predicting V̇O 2max values that were statistically equivalent to those measured in the laboratory in females but not males. However, the inclusion of MVPA did not add to the predictive value of this equation. Conclusions . Despite reporting high levels of MVPA, people with MS had poor cardiorespiratory fitness. MVPA, fitness, and disability were associated in females only, indicating that sex differences should be considered in fitness appraisal. Self‐reported MVPA did not predict fitness, suggesting 24‐hour recall may not be representative of true activity or fitness levels in persons with MS. Future work should examine sex differences in associations between MVPA and fitness using objective measures such as accelerometry.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it