Incongruence between Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Subjective Reports of Physical Activity in Multiple Sclerosis: A Focus on Sex Differences
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Purpose. The link between moderate‐ to vigorous‐intensity physical activity (MVPA) and cardiorespiratory fitness in individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS) remains unclear. This study examined the relationship between self‐reported MVPA and objectively assessed cardiorespiratory fitness, emphasizing sex differences. Methods. 107 adults with MS (77 females), aged (mean ± standard deviation) 47.2 ± 10.2 years, were recruited from a local MS clinic. Fitness was measured as maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O2max) during a graded maximal exercise test using a recumbent stepper. MVPA (24‐hour recall) was estimated as the duration of activities ≥ 3 MET (metabolic equivalent of task). MET‐minutes were calculated by multiplying MET by duration. We explored sex differences in self‐reported MVPA, cardiorespiratory fitness, and disability; examined sex differences in associations between these variables; and investigated whether MET‐minutes of MVPA predicted V̇O2max in females and males. Results. Mean V̇O2max was 24.79 mL·kg-1·min-1, indicating poor cardiorespiratory fitness levels, despite high levels of self‐reported MVPA (mean = 412.5 MET‐minutes). Fifty‐three percent of males and 40% of females had V̇O2max levels below the 20th age‐ and sex‐standardized population percentile, indicating poor cardiorespiratory fitness. There were statistically significant associations between MVPA and V̇O2max (Rho = 0.27, p = .01), as well as disability and V̇O2max (Rho = −0.35, p = .02), in females but not males. A regression model using sex, age, body mass, disability, and MVPA to estimate V̇O2max was valid in predicting V̇O2max values that were statistically equivalent to those measured in the laboratory in females but not males. However, the inclusion of MVPA did not add to the predictive value of this equation. Conclusions. Despite reporting high levels of MVPA, people with MS had poor cardiorespiratory fitness. MVPA, fitness, and disability were associated in females only, indicating that sex differences should be considered in fitness appraisal. Self‐reported MVPA did not predict fitness, suggesting 24‐hour recall may not be representative of true activity or fitness levels in persons with MS. Future work should examine sex differences in associations between MVPA and fitness using objective measures such as accelerometry.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".