Effectiveness of Liquid Trichoderma spp. Formulation as Biopesticides Against Phytophthora palmivora and Oncobasidium theobromae in Cocoa Plants (Theobroma cocoa L.)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Trichoderma sp. has antifungal activity.In nature, Trichoderma is found in forest and agricultural soils or on woody substrates.Trichoderma was gained maximum attention as bio control agent due to the fact that it's effective against a huge number of soil-borne plant pathogenic funguses.There are two main methods on production of biopesticide that containing Trichoderma spp., either by solid state fermentation or by liquid state fermentation.Trichoderma sp., after being formulated as conidia mass, potentially could be used as biopesticide.This form of biopesticide will be produced by cell and spore propagation, until produce viable propagules and having high survival rate even after spread out on to the surface of target (leaf, plant etc.).This study was aimed to know the effectiveness of liquid Trichoderma spp.formulation as biopesticides against Phytophthora palmivora and Oncobasidium theobromae in Cocoa plants (Theobroma cocoa L.).The experiment was designed in a completely randomized design (CRD), by applying series of treatments consisting mix of extract of soybean (ES) and coconut water (CW).Tested treatments were: T0 (sterile distilled water 100% as control); T1 (100% ES); T2 (80% ES + 20% CW); T3 (60% ES + 40% CW); T4 (40% ES + 60% CW); T5 (20% ES + 80% CW); and T6 (100% CW).The results showed that the best treatment was T4 formula, which indicated by the highest number of spores density (9.76 × 10 8 ) during 48 hours incubation.Furthermore, this T4 formula treatment also gives the best effect as a biopesticide agent during application test in the cocoa pods.Biopesticides made from Trichoderma sp. are effective in controlling the pathogenic fungus Phytophthora palmivora that causes fruit rot and Oncobasidium theobromae that causes Vascular Streak Dieback (VSD) disease in cocoa plants, and more consequently the biopesticides are more effective in controlling Oncobasidium theobromae disease.The application of Trichoderma and its propagules as a biological control method can help reduce the use of pesticides and chemical fertilizers in agriculture in the future.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".