Effect of in-situ emulsification on CO2/N2-based cyclic solvent injection process for enhancing heavy oil recovery and CO2 storage
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Surfactant-assisted CO 2 /N 2 -based CSI (SA CO 2 /N 2 -CSI) process emerges as a strategic solution to migrate the high energy consumption and carbon intensity associated with traditional thermal operations for heavy oil recovery. However, the interphase mass transfer makes the emulsification behavior in this process complex. In this study, the effect of in-situ emulsification on CO 2 /N 2 -CSI is assessed using a sandpack model and microchannel chip. Mesoscopically, SA CO 2 /N 2 -CSI outperforms conventional CO 2 /N 2 -CSI in terms of both oil recovery and CO 2 storage, owing to the enhanced CO 2 diffusion, oil solubilization, and foamy oil stability due to emulsification. Microscopically, the impact of emulsifier injection rate on oil removal efficiency in the dead-end pores becomes negligible when the injection rate exceeds 50 nL/min, providing insights to the emulsification mechanisms underlying the optimal pressure depletion rate (9 kPa/min) in SA CO 2 /N 2 -CSI. This study demonstrates the applicability of the SA CO 2 /N 2 -CSI in fostering sustainable heavy oil production and CO 2 storage.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".