Investigating the Controls of Ice-Wedge Initiation and Growth using XFEM
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Thermal contraction-cracking is a widespread phenomenon in permafrost regions and leads to the growth of periglacial landforms known as ice-wedges. A 2-D thermo-mechanical model with XFEM is employed in ABAQUS to investigate the effect of environmental controls on the cracking process. Seventeen combinations of soil type and temperature-time series are used in three case studies addressing model testing, the permafrost stress regime, and the effect of the freezing volumetric expansion of porewater. The model testing shows good agreement with field observations from the Arctic and demonstrates the ability of the modelling procedure to reproduce the salient features of thermal contraction-cracking. The permafrost stress regime is found to be strongly affected by soil type and climate, with coarse-grained soils and cold conditions producing more stress than fine-grained soils and warm conditions. Saturated soils also produce more stress than an unsaturated equivalent, due to the freezing volumetric expansion of porewater.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".