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Record W4396572713 · doi:10.59403/k5ss4h005

Chapter 5: Canada

2016· book-chapter· en· W4396572713 on OpenAlex

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

aboutThe title or abstract carries a Canadian signal from the geographic lexicon.
no affNo Canadian affiliation: this work is invisible to an affiliation-only frame.
No Canadian affiliation. An affiliation-only frame, the usual design, would never have seen this work. It is one of the works that make the case for inverting the frame.

Bibliographic record

VenueWU Institute for Austrian and International Tax Law, tax law and policy series. · 2016
Typebook-chapter
Languageen
FieldEconomics, Econometrics and Finance
TopicEconomic and Fiscal Studies
Canadian institutionsnot available
Fundersnot available
KeywordsSpring (device)Current (fluid)GeographyEngineeringGeologyOceanographyMechanical engineering

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

This book examines how different countries pursue their tax policy goals in the global economy, while simultaneously trying to secure competitiveness and protect the national tax base.Why this book?Tax policy has always been a predominant element of national economic policies and a decisive tool in directing the actions of governments in the economic field. In the past decade, however, as an increasingly globalized economy has presented challenges, tax policy has gained new importance because of its global dimension.The aim of this book is to provide a comprehensive overview of the tax policy trends that can be seen in various countries since the turn of the century. Thirty-three national reports from countries across the globe have been compiled in this volume. The reports, which were prepared for the conference “Trends and Players in Tax Policy” that took place in Rust (Austria) from 4-6 July 2013, focus on how different countries pursue their tax policy goals in the global economy and try to secure competitiveness and, at the same time, protect the national tax base. Much attention is given to the main factors influencing the formulation of tax policies and tax legislation as well as to the changes in the relationship between tax administrations and taxpayers. In addition to the national aspects, the book also outlines global trends and best practices through which it hopes to set the path to building up a globally consistent exercise of tax sovereignty. The general report extensively discusses issues connected with the Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS) project, taking into account national reports and other information on additional countries.The book is of relevance to tax policymakers, tax practitioners, academics and students doing research on tax law, and all those who have an interest in the most current issues in the field of tax policy.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.000
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesMeta-epidemiology (narrow)
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Theoretical or conceptual · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Other · Consensus signal: Other
Teacher disagreement score0.751
Threshold uncertainty score1.000

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0010.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.000
Science and technology studies0.0000.001
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0000.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0010.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.046
GPT teacher head0.231
Teacher spread0.186 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it