Complex Pathways of Indian Highly Skilled Migrants and International Students to Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study has three main objectives. First, we aim to highlight how highly skilled migration is changing, diversifying, and multiplying, reflecting the complex aspirations and plans of an emerging international middle and lower middle class and its offspring that do not always conform with earlier stereotypes of affluent transnational households. In this emerging context – and this is our second objective – we explore how highly skilled migrants exercise agency and navigate a complex policy environment. Third, this study introduces the notion of migration pathways as a concept that allows for bringing together structure (migration policies and infrastructures) with agency (migrant motivations, plans, and actions) offering a dynamic understanding of complex contemporary migrations. The study focuses on Indian highly skilled migrants in Canada, pointing to the heterogeneities of migration motivations and aspirations and the agency of people who often use legal, career, and spatial mobility patterns to achieve two different but related goals, while at other times they decide to use one pathway over other or keep all pathways open as options.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.014 | 0.005 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.007 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".