Seed oil of <i>Capsella bursa-pastoris</i> (L.) Medik. a non-edible promising feedstock for biodiesel synthesis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Finding an alternative energy source that satisfies our energy needs while being ecologically beneficial is vital. This study aimed to synthesize biodiesel of ASTM standard from the non-edible seed oil of Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik over cheap MgO nanoparticles using various characterization techniques like XRD, SEM, FT-IR, GC-MS, and NMR. The optimum 92% biodiesel yield was achieved at a 1:15 oil-to-methanol ratio using 30 mg catalyst concentration at a temperature of 60 °C, and the 40 min reaction time. The low acid value (0.39 KOH mg/kg) and in-range kinematic viscosity (4.16 cSt at 40 °C) of biodiesel is close to the conventional diesel, whereas the low calorific value (27933 KJ/Kg) indicates the presence of more oxygen in biodiesel than conventional one. Very low sulfur % wt (0.0126) ensures the eco-friendly nature of synthesized biodiesel. 42.72 MJ/kg Higher heating value (HHV), 47 cetane number, 2.89 h oxidative stability, 0.041 mg/Kg water content, 349 °C Distillation temperature (for 90% recovery) and 0.037 carbon residue and presence of mostly unsaturated methyl esters (FAMEs) make the synthesized biodiesel engine friendly, good fuel efficacy and competitive source for the commercial production.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".