Soluble receptor of advanced glycation end product as a biomarker in neurocognitive and neuropsychiatric disorders: A meta‐analysis of controlled studies
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Background & Objectives Currently, there is a significant focus on the decrease of soluble receptor of advanced glycation end products (sRAGE) in neurocognitive and neuropsychiatric disorders. sRAGE plays a decoy role against the inflammatory response of advanced glycation end products (AGE), which has led to increased interest in its role in these disorders. This meta‐analysis aimed to investigate the significant differences in sRAGE levels between neurocognitive and neuropsychiatric disorders compared to control groups. Method A systematic review was conducted using the PUBMED, Scopus and Embase databases up to October 2023. Two reviewers assessed agreement for selecting papers based on titles and abstracts, with kappa used to measure agreement and finally publications were scanned according to controlled studies. Effect sizes were calculated as weighted mean differences (WMD) and pooled using a random effects model. Heterogeneity was assessed using I 2 , followed by subgroup analysis and meta‐regression tests. Quality assessment was performed using the Newcastle‐Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale. Results In total, 16 studies were included in the present meta‐analysis. Subjects with neurocognitive ( n = 1444) and neuropsychiatric ( n = 444) disorders had lower sRAGE levels in case–control (WMD: −0.21, 95% CI: −0.33, −0.10; p <.001) and cross‐sectional (WMD: −0.29, 95% CI = −0.44, −0.13, p <.001) studies with high heterogeneity and no publication bias. In subgroup analysis, subjects with cognitive impairment (WMD: −0.87, 95% CI: −1.61, −0.13, p =.000), and age >50 years (WMD: −0.39, 95% CI: −0.74, −0.05, p =.000), had lower sRAGE levels in case–control studies. Also, dementia patients (WMD: −0.41, 95% CI: −0.72, −0.10, p =.014) with age >50 years (WMD: −0.33, 95% CI: −0.54, −0.13, p = 0.000) and in Asian countries (WMD: −0.28, 95% CI: −0.42, −0.13, p =.141) had lower sRAGE levels in cross‐sectional studies. Conclusion This meta‐analysis revealed a significant reduction in sRAGE in neurocognitive and neuropsychiatric disorders particularly in Asians and moderate age.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.005 | 0.011 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".