Association between Early Basal Ganglia and Thalami Perfusion Assessed by Color Doppler Ultrasonography and Brain Injury in Infants with Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy: A Prospective Cohort Study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate associations between neurologic outcomes and early measurements of basal ganglia (BG) and thalamic (Th) perfusion using color Doppler ultrasonography (CDUS) in infants with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). STUDY DESIGN: Prospective study of infants with mild (n = 18), moderate (n = 17), and severe HIE (n = 14) and controls (n = 17). Infants with moderate-severe HIE received therapeutic hypothermia (TH). CDUS was performed at 24-36 hours and brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at a median of 10 days. Development was followed through 2.5-5 years. The primary outcome was the association between BG and Th perfusion and brain MRI injury. Secondary analyses focused on associations between perfusion measurements and admission neurologic examinations, MRI scores in infants treated with TH, and motor and sensory disability, or death. An exploratory analysis assessed the accuracy of BG and Th perfusion to predict brain MRI injury in infants treated with TH. RESULTS: Increased BG and Th perfusion on CDUS was observed in infants with severe MRI scores and those with significant motor and neurosensory disability or death through 2.5-5 years (P < .05). Infants with severe HIE showed increased BG and Th perfusion (P < .005) compared with infants with moderate HIE. No differences were identified between the between the control and mild HIE groups. Th perfusion ≥0.237 cm/second (Area under the curve of 0.824) correctly classified 80% of infants with severe MRI scores. CONCLUSIONS: Early dynamic CDUS of the BG and Th is a potential biomarker of severe brain injury in infants with HIE and may be a useful adjunct to currently used assessments.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".