Invasive adult jumping worms in Atlantic Canada are chill-susceptible
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The jumping worm Amynthas tokioensis is invasive in North America, and it has been expanding its range northward in recent years. Because low temperatures typically restrict the geographic distribution of organisms, our goal was to characterize the cold tolerance physiology of adult jumping worms from a site in New Brunswick, Canada (c. 45°N), with the intent of better understanding their geographic range limits. Most of our experiments supported the conclusion that these worms are chill-susceptible: they die during or after exposure to relatively mild low temperatures. When gradually cooled, adult worms lost neuromuscular coordination at approximately 0 °C and froze at a mean temperature of −4.5 °C. They did not survive freezing and showed poor survival following 1 h exposures to 0 °C and subzero temperatures. At higher mild temperatures (5 °C), the worms could survive short (up to 6 h) but not long (e.g., 48 h) chilling durations. We attempted to induce improved cold tolerance via a five-week gradual acclimation to fall-like temperatures, but fall-acclimated worms showed poor survival during and after this acclimation. Acclimation also did not induce accumulation of glucose, a typical cryoprotectant in earthworms. We suggest that A. tokioensis can likely persist wherever the growing season is sufficiently warm and long enough for the adults to mature, reproduce, and lay cocoons prior to the chilling temperatures associated with early fall. Future work examining the cold tolerance of the overwintering cocoons will be important for fully understanding the northern range limits of these jumping worms.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".