Bibliographic record
Abstract
This chapter looks at two “internal” frontiers of the Jesus cult. The first is the border between the Muslim and Christian subcults in the growing Ottoman Empire. Christians converted to Islam, even as both traditions fused together at a level beneath formal identity, as in Bektashism and Hurufism. Muslims used Christian baptism as a deodorant, or recognized the Persian mystic Fazlallah Astarabadi as Jesus, or claimed Jesus as a prophet equal to Mohammad. The second frontier divided Jews and Christians in Iberia—a border within a Christian society. In the Disputation at Tortosa, Christians seeking to convert Jews stressed the Bible's identification of Jesus as the messiah as well as the rational necessity of his incarnation. The Jewish leaders' counterarguments were often oriented towards the plain ken: Christians used an err-riddled translation of the Hebrew Bible, ignored historical context, and too quickly abandoned the literal meaning for the figurative. Taking the plain ken to history, the defenders of Judaism argued that material success, the kind the Jews lacked, was no guarantee of truth. Both frontiers witnessed social unrest and personal tragedy.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.006 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.080 | 0.004 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".