Development Of Eco-Friendly Concrete: Research On The Use Of Coffee Husk Ash As A Sustainable Alternative
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The production of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) used in construction results in CO2 emissions.An alternative to produce eco-friendly concrete is to partially incorporate Coffee Husk Ash (CHA) instead of OPC and add Banana Stem Sap (BSS).The effect of CHA and BSS inclusion on the mechanical properties and CO2 emissions of concrete was analyzed.Three research scenarios were designed with partial substitution/addition percentages: 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, and 10%.The first scenario involves partially replacing OPC with CHA (ACHA), the second involves adding BSS (ABSS), and the third involves the combination of ACHA and ABSS (SAA).Reduction in settlement was observed in the mixtures with ACHA, while it increased in ABSS and SAA.Compressive strength increased in all three scenarios, with the optimal percentage being 4% for ACHA and ABSS, and 6% for SAA.CO2 emissions decreased when replacing OPC with CHA.The new concrete is presented as an option to mitigate CO2 emissions in construction.Use technical civil engineering terminology.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".