Bimetallic Metal Sites in Metal–Organic Frameworks Facilitate the Production of 1-Butene from Electrosynthesized Ethylene
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Converting CO 2 to synthetic hydrocarbon fuels is of increasing interest. In light of progress in electrified CO 2 to ethylene, we explored routes to dimerize to 1-butene, an olefin that can serve as a building block to ethylene longer-chain alkanes. With goal of selective and active dimerization, we investigate a series of metal–organic frameworks having bimetallic catalytic sites. We find that the tunable pore structure enables optimization of selectivity and that periodic pore channels enhance activity. In a tandem system for the conversion of CO 2 to 1-C 4 H 8, wherein the outlet cathodic gas from a CO 2 -to-C 2 H 4 electrolyzer is fed directly (via a dehumidification stage) into the C 2 H 4 dimerizer, we study the highest-performing MOF found herein: M′ = Ru and M″ = Ni in the bimetallic two-dimensional M′ 2 (OAc) 4 M″(CN) 4 MOF. We report a 1-C 4 H 8 production rate of 1.3 mol g cat –1 h –1 and a C 2 H 4 conversion of 97%. From these experimental data, we project an estimated cradle-to-gate carbon intensity of −2.1 kg-CO 2 e/kg-1-C 4 H 8 when CO 2 is supplied from direct air capture and when the required energy is supplied by electricity having the carbon intensity of wind.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".