Performance analysis of tabletop single-pulse terahertz detection at rates up to 1.1 MHz
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Standard terahertz time-domain spectroscopy uses a relatively slow multidata acquisition process that has hindered the technique's ability to resolve ``fast'' dynamics occurring on the microsecond timescale. This timescale, inaccessible to most ultrafast pump-probe techniques, hosts a range of phenomena that has been left unexplored due to a lack of proper real-time monitoring techniques. In this work, chirped-pulse spectral encoding, a photonic time-stretch technique, and high-speed electronics are used to demonstrate time-resolved terahertz detection at a rate up to 1.1 MHz. This configuration relies on a tabletop optical source and a setup able to resolve every terahertz transient generated by the same source. We investigate the performance of this single-pulse terahertz detection system at different acquisition rates in terms of experimental noise, dynamic range, and signal-to-noise ratio. Our results pave the way towards single-pulse terahertz time-domain spectroscopy at arbitrarily fast rates to monitor complex dynamics in real time.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".