A 24–40-GHz Broadband Beamforming TRX Front-End IC With Unified Phase and Gain Control for Multiband Phased Array Systems
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This article presents a 24–40-GHz broadband beamforming transmit–receive (T/R) front-end (FE) chip for the next-generation millimeter-wave (mm-wave) communication systems. To achieve multiband coverage in a single beamforming front-end IC, the proposed beamforming chip adopts a unified gain and phase control scheme as well as an asymmetric T/R switch circuit, which simplifies the system design and enables broadband operation in both directions. The vector-modulation-based unified phase and gain control (UPGC) scheme eliminates the standalone variable gain amplifier (VGA) in the front end. The bidirectional impedance transformation T/R switch reduces the insertion loss in the TX path and enables Class-F <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$^{-1}$</tex-math> </inline-formula> operation to improve the bandwidth and efficiency. Based on the proposed UPGC scheme and T/R switch circuit, a high-performance mm-wave front-end chip is implemented using a 0.13- <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu$</tex-math> </inline-formula> m SiGe BiCMOS technology. The fabricated front-end chip achieves 12.9–16.9-dBm maximum output power in TX mode, up to 14.3-dB gain and 7.4–9.2-dB noise figure (NF) in RX mode over the frequency range of 24–40 GHz. In both TX and RX modes, the proposed chip achieved less than 0.4-dB rms gain error and 2.0 <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$^{\circ}$</tex-math> </inline-formula> rms phase error. A four-element dual-band phased array module is designed and tested to evaluate the performance of the proposed chip in the 28-and 38-GHz dual-band phased array.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".