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Broadband Multi-wavelength Properties of M87 during the 2018 EHT Campaign including a Very High Energy Flaring Episode
Juan Carlos Algaba, Mislav Baloković, S. Chandra, Whee Yeon Cheong, Y. Cui, F. D’Ammando, A. Falcone, Nicole M. Ford, M. Giroletti, C. Goddi, Mark Gurwell, Kazuhiro Hada, Daryl Haggard, Svetlana G. Jorstad, A. Kaur, Toshinobu KAWASHIMA, Stephen Kerby, J.-Y. Kim, Motoki Kino, Е. В. Кравченко, Shoei‐Sheng Lee, Ru-Sen Lu, Sera Markoff, Joseph M. Michail, Joey Neilsen, Michael A. Nowak, G. Principe, Venkatessh Ramakrishnan, Bart Ripperda, Mahito Sasada, Craig Sheridan, Kazunori Akiyama, A. Alberdi, W. Alef, Richard Anantua, Keiichi Asada, Rubem David Azulay, U. Bach, Anne-Kathrin Baczko, D. B., Bidhan C. Bandyopadhyay, Michi Bauböck, B. A. Benson, Dan Bintley, Lindy Blackburn, R. Blundell, Katherine L. Bouman, Geoffrey C. Bower, Hope Boyce, Michael Bremer, Roger Brissenden, S. Britzen, Avery E. Broderick, Dominique Broguière, Thomas Bronzwaer, Sandra Bustamante, J. E. Carlstrom, Andrew Chael, C.-K Chan, Dominic O. Chang, Koushik Chatterjee, Shami Chatterjee, Mingliang Chen, Y. Chen, Cheng Xu, Ikuo Cho, Peter D. Christian, Nicholas S. Conroy, J. E. Conway, T. M. Crawford, G. Crew, Alejandro Cruz-Osorio, Rohan Dahale, J. Davelaar, Roger Deane, G. Desvignes, Jason Dexter, Vedant Dhruv, Indu K. Dihingia, Sheperd S. Doeleman, S.A. Dzib, Ralph P. Eatough, Razieh Emami, H. Falcke, Vincent L. Fish, E. B. Fomalont, H. Alyson Ford, Raquel Fraga-Encinas, William T. Freeman, Per Friberg, Christian M. Fromm, Antonio F. Fuentes, Peter Galison, Charles F. Gammie, Roberto García, Olivier Gentaz, Roman Gold, Arturo I. Gómez-Ruiz, José L. Gómez, Minfeng Gu, Ronald Hesper, Dirk Heumann, L. C. Ho, Pak‐Leung Ho, Mareki Honma, Li Huang, D. H. Hughes, Shiro Ikeda, C. M. Violette Impellizzeri, Makoto Inoue, Sara Issaoun, D. J. James, Buell T. Jannuzi, Michaël Janssen, Britton Jeter, Wenyuan Jiang, Alejandra Jiménez-Rosales, Mahlon D. Johnson, Anthony C. Jones, Abhishek V. Joshi, Tae Hyun Jung, R. Karuppusamy, Garrett K. Keating, Mark Kettenis, D.-J Kim, Jun Yi Koay, Prashant Kocherlakota, Yutaro Kofuji, Patrick M. Koch, C. Krämer, Joana A Kramer, M. Krämer, T. P. Krichbaum, Chung‐Yen Kuo, Noemi La Bella, Alessandro Levis, Zhibin Li, R Lico, Greg Lindahl, M. Lindqvist, Mikhail Lisakov, Jia Liu, Kuo Liu, Elisabetta Liuzzo, Wen-Ping Lo, A. P. Lobanov, Laurent Loinard, C. J. Lonsdale, A. E. Lowitz, Nicholas R. MacDonald, J. Mao, N. Marchili, Daniel P. Marrone, Alan P. Marscher, I. Martí‐Vidal, Satoki Matsushita, Lynn D. Matthews, K. M. Menten, Ichiro Mizuno, Yosuke Mizuno, J. Montgomery, J. M. Moran, Monika Mościbrodzka, Wanga Mulaudzi, Cornelia Müller, Hans‐Reinhard Müller, Alejandro Mus, Gibwa Musoke, I. Myserlis, Hiroshi Nagai, Neil M. Nagar, Dhanya G. Nair, Masanori Nakamura, Gopal Narayanan, Iniyan Natarajan, Antonios Nathanail, Santiago Navarro Fuentes, Ni Chen, Junghwan Oh, Hideki Okino, Héctor Olivares, Tomoaki Oyama, Feryal Özel, Daniel C. M. Palumbo, Georgios Filippos Paraschos, J. Park, Harriet Parsons, Nimesh Patel, Ue‐Li Pen, Dominic W. Pesce, V. Piétu, Aleksandar PopStefanija, Oliver Porth, Hung-Yi Pu, Ramprasad Rao, Mark G. Rawlings, Alexander W. Raymond, Luciano Rezzolla, Angelo Ricarte, Freek Roelofs, Cristina Romero-Cañizales, E. Ros, Arash Roshanineshat, Helge Rottmann, A. L. Roy, Isabel Ruíz-Camps, Chet Ruszczyk, K. L. J. Rygl, David Sánchez-Argüelles, M. Sánchez‐Portal, Kaushik Satapathy, T. Savolainen, F. Peter Schloerb, Jonathan Schonfeld, K.-F Schuster, Lijing Shao, Zhi-Qiang Shen, Des Small, Bong Won Sohn, Jason Soohoo, L. Salas, Kamal Souccar, Joshua S. Stanway, He Sun, Fumie Tazaki, Alexandra J. Tetarenko, Paul Tiede, R. P. J. Tilanus, Michael Titus, Kenji Toma, Pablo Torné, Teresa Toscano, Efthalia Traianou, Tyler Trent, Sascha Trippe, Matthew Turk, I. van Bemmel, Huib Jan van Langevelde, Daniel R. van Rossum, Johanna M. Vos, Jan Wagner, D. Ward–Thompson, J. F. C. Wardle, Jasmin E. Washington, Jonathan Weintroub, Robert Wharton, Maciek Wielgus, K. Wiik, Gunther Witzel, Michael F. Wondrak, George N. Wong, Qiong Wu, Nitika Yadlapalli, Paul Yamaguchi, Aristomenis Yfantis, Doosoo Yoon, A. J. Young, Ziri Younsi, Yu Wang, F. Yuan, Ye‐Fei Yuan, J. A. Zensus, Shuo Zhang, G.-Y Zhao, S.-S Zhao, R Bellazzini, B. Berenji, E. Bissaldi, R. D. Blandford, R. Bonino, P. Bruel, R. A. Cameron, P. A. Caraveo, E. Cavazzuti, C. C. Cheung, S. Ciprini, P. Cristarella Orestano, S. Cutini, N Di Lalla, A. Dinesh, L. Di Venere, A. Domínguez, S. Fegan, A. Franckowiak, Y. Fukazawa, P. Fusco, F. Gargano, C. Gasbarra, S. Germani, Marco Giliberti, I. A. Grenier, E. Hays, D. Horan, M. Kuss, S. Larsson, Ioannis Liodakis, F. Longo, F. Loparco, M. N. Lovellette, S. Maldera, M. N. Mazziotta, I. Mereu, P. F. Michelson, N. Mirabal, Tsunefumi Mizuno, M. E. Monzani, A Morselli, Michela Negro, N Omodei, E Orlando, M. Persic, S. Rainò, Bindu Rani, A. Reimer, O. Reimer, M. Sánchez‐Conde, C. Sgró, P. Spinelli, H. Tajima, G. Zaharijaš, F. Aharonian, F. Ait Benkhali, J. Aschersleben, Halim Ashkar, Michael Backes, R. Batzofin, Y. Becherini, D. Berge, M Böttcher, C. Boisson, J. Bolmont, M. de Bony de Lavergne, Jowita Borowska, M. Bouyahiaoui, Federica Bradascio, Robert Brose, A. M. Brown, B. Bruno, T. Bulik, C. Burger-Scheidlin, S. Casanova, R. Cecil, J. Celic, M. Cerruti, T. Chand, A. Chen, James O. Chibueze, O. Chibueze, Garret Cotter, J. Damascene Mbarubucyeye, J. Devin, J. I. Djuvsland, A. Dmytriiev, J.-P. Ernenwein, Kirsty Feijen, S. Funk, S. Gabici, P Goswami, G. Grolleron, L. Haerer, M. Holler, D. Horns, Zhi-Qiu Huang, M. Jamrozy, F. Jankowsky, I. Jung-Richardt, E. Kasai, K. Katarzyński, R Khatoon, B. Khélifi, W. Kluźniak, Nu. Komin, K. Kosack, A. Kundu, S. Le Stum, F. Leitl, A. Lemière, M. Lemoine‐Goumard, J.-P. Lenain, Fabian Leuschner, Anna Luashvili, Jonathan Mackey, D. Malyshev, D. Glawion, G. Martí-Devesa, R. Marx, M. Meyer, Adam Mitchell, R. Moderski, L. Mohrmann, Alessandro Montanari, E. Moulin, M. de Naurois, J. Niemiec, P. T. O’Brien, S Ohm, E. de Oña Wilhelmi, M. Ostrowski, Sebastian Panny, M. Panter, U. Pensec, S. Pita, G. Pühlhofer, A. Quirrenbach, S. Ravikularaman, Brian Reville, Igor Reis, Helena X. Ren, Frank Rieger, Gerrit Roellinghoff, B. Rudak, E. Ruiz-Velasco, Karim Sabri, Heiko Salzmann, A. Santangelo, Jan Schäfer, F. Schüßler, A. Sharma, H. Sol, S. Spencer, Ł. Stawarz, S Einecke, V. Sahakian, C. Steppa, Katrin Streil, Hiromasa Suzuki, T. Takahashi, T. Tanaka, R. Terrier, M. Tluczykont, M. Tsirou, C. van Eldik, M. Vecchi, T. Wach, A. Wierzcholska, M. Zacharias, A. Zech, Natalia Żywucka, S. Abe, J. Abhir, A. Abhishek, Arnau Aguasca-Cabot, I. Agudo, T. Aniello, Stefano Ansoldi, A. Arbet Engels, Cornelia Arcaro, Manuel Artero, Katsuaki Asano, A. Babić, U. Barres de Almeida, Ivana Batković, A. Bautista, J. Baxter, Jordi Gonzàlez, W. Bednarek, E. Bernardini, J. Bernete, A. Berti, Jürgen Besenrieder, C. Bigongiari, A. Biland, O. Blanch, G. Bonnoli, Ž. Bošnjak, E. Bronzini, Irene Burelli, G. Busetto, A. Campoy-Ordaz, A. Carosi, R. Carosi, M. Carretero-Castrillo, Davide Cerasole, G. Ceribella, Yating Chai, A. Cifuentes, E. Colombo, J. Cortina, S. Covino, Giacomo D’Amico, V. D’Elia, P. Da Vela, F. Dazzi, A. De Angelis, B. De Lotto, Raniere de Menezes, M. Delfino, J. Delgado, C. Delgado Mendez, F. Di Pierro, R. Di Tria, Alice Donini, D. Dorner, M. Doro, D. Elsäesser, Juan Escudero, Luis Fariña, Alicia Fattorini, L. Foffano, L. Font, Stefan Fröse, Satoshi Fukami, M. Garczarczyk, Sargis Gasparyan, M. Gaug, N. Giglietto, F. Giordano, Paweł Gliwny, N. Godinović, T. Gradetzke, R. Grau, D Green, Patrick Günther, D. Hadasch, A. Hahn, T. Hassan, Lea Heckmann, J. Herrera Llorente, Dario Hrupec, Ryo Imazawa, Kazuma Ishio, Irene Jiménez Martínez, Jenni Jormanainen, T. Kayanoki, D. Kerszberg, Yukiho Kobayashi, H. Kubo, J. Kushida, Miguel J. A. Láinez, A. Lamastra, F. Leone, E. Lindfors, S. Lombardi, R. López-Coto, A. López-Oramas, S. Loporchio, A. Lorini, E. Lyard, B. Machado de Oliveira Fraga, P. Majumdar, M. Makariev, G. Maneva, M. Manganaro, S. Mangano, K. Mannheim, M. Mariotti, M. Martı́nez, María Martínez-Chicharro, Alvaro Mas-Aguilar, D. Mazin, Stefano Menchiari, S. Mender, Davide Miceli, Tjark Miener, R. Mirzoyan, Miguel Molero Gonzalez, E. Molina, A. Moralejo, Daniel Morcuende, Takeshi Nakamori, C. Nanci, V. Neustroev, Lukas Nickel, Cosimo Nigro, L. Nikolić, K. Nilsson, K. Nishijima, T. Njoh Ekoume, K. Noda, S. Nozaki, Yoshiki Ohtani, A. Okumura, Jorge Otero-Santos, S. Paiano, D. Paneque, R. Paoletti, M. Peresano, Marine Pihet, G. Pirola, F. Podobnik, E. Prandini, Chaitanya Priyadarshi, M. Ribó, J. Rico, Chiara Righi, N. Sahakyan, T. Saito, K. Schmidt, Felix Schmuckermaier, T. Schweizer, A. Sciaccaluga, Gabriella Silvestri, J. Sitarek, Vitalii Sliusar, D. Sobczyńska, Alessia Spolon, A. Stamerra, Jelena Strišković, D. Strom, M. Strzys, Y. Suda, Sofia Suutarinen, M Takahashi, Ryuji Takeishi, F. Tavecchio, P. Temnikov, K. Terauchi, T. Terzić, M. Teshima, Stefano Truzzi, Antonio Tutone, Santiago Ubach, Juliane van Scherpenberg, Sofia Ventura, G. Verna, Ilaria Viale, V. Vitale, Ievgen Vovk, R. Walter, Martin Will, Carolin Wunderlich, Tokonatsu Yamamoto, A. Acharyya, P. Bangale, W. Benbow, Ann Duerr, M. Errando, Q. Feng, L. Fortson, A. Furniss, W. Hanlon, O. Hervet
Bibliographic record
VenuearXiv (Cornell University) · 2024
Typepreprint
Languageen
FieldPhysics and Astronomy
TopicAstrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena
Canadian institutionsnot available
FundersLos Alamos National LaboratoryOak Ridge National LaboratoryHigh Energy PhysicsOffice of International Science and EngineeringNational Science Fund for Distinguished Young ScholarsNational Key Research and Development Program of ChinaAgencia Estatal de InvestigaciónJapan Society for the Promotion of ScienceScience and Technology Facilities CouncilPhysics Division, National Center for Theoretical SciencesNational Nuclear Security AdministrationOffice of ScienceToray Science FoundationEast Asian Core Observatories AssociationInstitut Périmètre de physique théoriqueNational Science and Technology CouncilAgencia Nacional de Investigación y DesarrolloFundación Bancaria Caixa d'Estalvis i Pensions de BarcelonaMinistry of Science and ICT, South KoreaIstituto Nazionale di Fisica NucleareJunta de AndalucíaNational Astronomical Observatory of JapanShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityMax-Planck-GesellschaftCentre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueMinistry of Education, IndiaNational Natural Science Foundation of ChinaNational Research Foundation of KoreaMinisterio de Ciencia, Innovación y UniversidadesNuclear Safety and Security CommissionNational Science FoundationChina Postdoctoral Science FoundationInstituto de Astrofísica de AndalucíaNederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk OnderzoekDeutsche ForschungsgemeinschaftChinese Academy of SciencesAcademia SinicaEuropean CommissionLeverhulme TrustNational Radio Astronomy ObservatoryFundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São PauloCanada Research ChairsUniversity of PretoriaNational Research FoundationUniversity of ArizonaSmithsonian InstitutionInternational Max Planck Research School for Environmental, Cellular and Molecular MicrobiologyNatural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of CanadaMinistry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and TechnologyJohn Templeton FoundationNetherlands eScience CenterEuropean Southern ObservatoryChina Scholarship CouncilCompute CanadaJoint Institute for Computational Fundamental ScienceGeneralitat ValencianaConsejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasUniversity of ChicagoNational Energy Research Scientific Computing CenterUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoKorea Astronomy and Space Science InstituteAssociated UniversitiesSpace Telescope Science InstituteNational Center for Theoretical SciencesVetenskapsrådetU.S. Department of EnergyHarvard UniversityNational Institutes of Natural SciencesGovernment of CanadaNational Aeronautics and Space AdministrationGordon and Betty Moore FoundationDirección General de Asuntos del Personal Académico, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoMinisterio de Ciencia e InnovaciónFlatiron Health
KeywordsPhysicsAstrophysicsSupermassive black holeFlareSpectral energy distributionParticle accelerationAstronomyBlack hole (networking)Flux (metallurgy)GalaxyAstrophysical jetActive galactic nucleusAcceleration
Abstract
The nearby elliptical galaxy M87 contains one of the only two supermassive black holes whose emission surrounding the event horizon has been imaged by the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT). In 2018, more than two dozen multi-wavelength (MWL) facilities (from radio to gamma-ray energies) took part in the second M87 EHT campaign. The goal of this extensive MWL campaign was to better understand the physics of the accreting black hole M87*, the relationship between the inflow and inner jets, and the high-energy particle acceleration. Understanding the complex astrophysics is also a necessary first step towards performing further tests of general relativity. The MWL campaign took place in April 2018, overlapping with the EHT M87* observations. We present a new, contemporaneous spectral energy distribution (SED) ranging from radio to very high energy (VHE) gamma-rays, as well as details of the individual observations and light curves. We also conduct phenomenological modelling to investigate the basic source properties. We present the first VHE gamma-ray flare from M87 detected since 2010. The flux above 350 GeV has more than doubled within a period of about 36 hours. We find that the X-ray flux is enhanced by about a factor of two compared to 2017, while the radio and millimetre core fluxes are consistent between 2017 and 2018. We detect evidence for a monotonically increasing jet position angle that corresponds to variations in the bright spot of the EHT image. Our results show the value of continued MWL monitoring together with precision imaging for addressing the origins of high-energy particle acceleration. While we cannot currently pinpoint the precise location where such acceleration takes place, the new VHE gamma-ray flare already presents a challenge to simple one-zone leptonic emission model approaches, and emphasises the need for combined image and spectral modelling.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
metaresearch head score (Codex)0.000
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.001
Version: metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061cValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Observational · Consensus signal: Observational
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.006
Threshold uncertainty score0.012
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
Opus teacher head0.047
GPT teacher head0.172
Teacher spread0.124 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation status
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
The models applied no category: nothing in the taxonomy fit this work.
Study designObservational
Domainnot available
GenreEmpirical
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".
Quick stats
Citations1
Published2024
Admission routes1
Has abstractyes