Geomagnetic Storm Risks to Air-Breathing Electric Propulsion Missions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Geomagnetic storms can cause significant and rapid increases in atmospheric density at very low Earth orbit (VLEO) altitudes potentially putting a VLEO spacecraft into an un-recoverable orbit. Air-breathing electric propulsion (ABEP) spacecraft may be more susceptible to geomagnetic storms due to the low thrust-to-drag chosen for many proposed spacecraft. For ABEP missions to become viable, risks due to geomagnetic storms must be mitigated. This work explores geomagnetic storm risks to ABEP spacecraft using an orbit propagator. Spacecraft with low ballistic coefficient and low thrust-to-drag are identified as highly susceptible to geomagnetic storm risks. Two risk mitigation strategies are investigated for these space-craft: (1) preemptive orbit raising ahead of a storm, and (2) using onboard xenon propellant to increase thruster performance during a storm. An orbit propagator is used to investigate performance of these risk mitigation strategies during a G4 (severe) geomagnetic storm in November 2004. It is shown that preemptive orbit raising successfully mitigates geomagnetic storm risks for spacecraft with higher thrust-to-drag while adding a relatively small amount of xenon propellant mitigates geomagnetic storm risk for all spacecraft.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".