Abnormal Menstruation and Female Reproductive Hormones in Kidney Failure
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Kidney failure disrupts the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis, resulting in reproductive hormone abnormalities. It is not fully understood if these disturbances impact menstruation in females living with kidney failure treated with dialysis. Therefore, this study aimed to (1) describe menstruation and changes in menstrual patterns with chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression, and (2) assess associations between reproductive hormones and menstrual pattens among females with kidney failure. Methods: Females aged 18-50 years were recruited from dialysis clinics around Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Using a self-administered survey, demographic, kidney health, and menstrual health histories were recorded. Blood samples were collected to measure follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, estradiol, progesterone, testosterone, prolactin, sex hormone binding globulin, and anti-Müllerian hormone levels. Descriptive and bivariate analyses were performed as appropriate. Results: Twenty-seven females [n=23 hemodialysis (age 36 (IQR: 31,44) years), n=4 peritoneal dialysis (age 38 (IQR: 30,45) years)], largely identifying as white cisgender women were included. In the hemodialysis group, 52% reported absent menstrual bleeding during dialysis, though only 17% reported this during CKD and 9% before CKD diagnosis (P=0.01); however, there was no difference in proportions across timepoints in the peritoneal dialysis group (25% each) (P=0.92). In the hemodialysis group, 48% described heavy menstrual bleeding during dialysis; this proportion did not differ during CKD (65%) and before CKD diagnosis (70%) (P=0.20). Among participants on peritoneal dialysis, 25% described heavy menstrual bleeding during dialysis, which did not significantly differ during CKD (25%) and before CKD diagnosis (50%) (P=0.91). All the hormone levels did not differ between those with absent and present menstrual bleeding during dialysis, nor did it differ between those with heavy and normal menstrual bleeding. Conclusions: Among females with dialysis-dependent kidney failure, proportions of absent and heavy menstrual bleeding were high. No associations between reproductive hormone levels and menstrual status were observed, underscoring the uncertainty around how kidney disease affects female reproductive health. Funding: Government Support - Non-U.S.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".