Testosterone and Endothelial Function in Females With CKD
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in females with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Elevated testosterone has been associated with increased cardiovascular risk in postmenopausal women and premenopausal women with polycystic ovarian syndrome in the general population, but whether testosterone levels are associated with cardiovascular risk in this high-risk population is unknown. The goal of this study was to determine the association between testosterone levels and endothelial function, a validated measure of cardiovascular risk, in females with CKD. Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed in premenopausal-aged females with CKD (18-51 years). Demographic and metabolic measurements were collected, alongside measurement of total testosterone. Standardized protocols were utilized to measure endothelial function, including right brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD) and hyperemic velocity time integral (VTI). The associations between total testosterone and each outcome (FMD and VTI) were examined using multivariate linear regression analyses. Results: 52 females with non-dialysis-dependent CKD (mean estimated glomerular filtration rate 84 ± 30 mL/min/1.73m2, range: 13 - 138 mL/min/1.73m2) and 9 females treated with dialysis (89% hemodialysis, 11% peritoneal dialysis) were enrolled, with a mean age of 37 ± 8 years. Total testosterone levels ranged from <0.2nmol/L to 3.4nmol/L (mean testosterone 0.73 ± 0.63 nmol/L). No association was observed between estimated glomerular filtration rate and testosterone or body mass index and testosterone. There was a trend towards a negative relationship between age and testosterone (p=0.06). After adjusting for age and mean arterial pressure, testosterone was positively associated with VTI (R2=0.19, p<0.01), but not FMD (R2=0.05, p=0.43). Conclusions: Reduced testosterone levels are associated with impaired microvascular endothelial function in young females with CKD, and may be an important marker of future cardiovascular risk. Given the high cardiovascular risk in the CKD population, further investigation into this risk factor is warranted. Funding: Government Support - Non-U.S.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".