Reduction of DUSP4 Enhances Macrophage Infiltration and Contribution to Renal Fibrosis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) affects 15% of the world population and is the leading cause of end-stage kidney disease in which 45% of patients are patients with diabetes. Patients with advanced CKD will eventually need dialysis or renal transplantation. Renal interstitial fibrosis (RIF) is an essential characteristic of CKD and is associated with renal function decline. Although macrophages are known to play a role in the generation of fibrosis, their contribution to RIF is not well elucidated. Our laboratory has previously shown reduced DUSP4 expression in the kidney of diabetic mice and patients, and the deletion of DUSP4 in diabetic mice lead to RIF. Objective: Evaluate the role of DUSP4 in macrophage related RIF generation. Methods: Mice with (Dusp4WT) or without DUSP4 (Dusp4KO) were subjected to toxin- (4 weeks of adenine-rich diet) and obstructive-induced (UUO) RIF. Renal function was evaluated by 24-hour urinary albumin excretion. To evaluate the role of DUSP4 in macrophage infiltration, Dusp4WT and Dusp4KO were irradiated and transplanted with the bone marrow of the opposite group (generating WT mice specifically DUSP4 KO in the macrophages (Dusp4WT/mΦKO) and DUSP4 null mice with regular expression of DUSP4 in the macrophages (Dusp4KO/mΦWT)). Results: The adenine diet increased albuminuria in Dusp4WT mice, phenomenon exacerbated in DUSP4 null mice. Adenine and UUO models were associated with increased RIF (Masson Trichrome), RIF markers (Col1, TGF-β, KIM-1 gene expression), macrophage infiltration (F4/80 immunohistochemistry), inflammation markers (IL-1β, TNF-α and CD206 gene expressions), and myofibroblast deposition (α-SMA immunohistochemistry) in Dusp4WT mice. DUSP4 deletion worsened the above characteristics as well as aggravated tubular atrophy. Furthermore, macrophage and myofibroblast markers colocalized in the interstitial space of Dusp4KO mice, suggesting macrophage contribution to RIF. Interestingly, the adenine diet administered to Dusp4WT/mΦKO mice worsened albuminuria to levels similar to Dusp4KO mice, while Dusp4KO/mΦWT albuminuria levels were lower. Likewise, Dusp4WT/mΦKO exhibited similar amounts of RIF compared to whole-body Dusp4KO mice while Dusp4KO/mΦWT exhibited lower levels of RIF compared to whole-body Dusp4KO mice. Conclusions: The loss of DUSP4 in macrophages contributes to macrophage infiltration and total RIF in the progression of CKD. Funding: Government Support - Non-U.S.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".